AVO analysis for high amplitude anomalies using 2D pre-stack seismic data

Amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis is an 1 efficient tool for hydrocarbon detection and identification of elastic rock properties and fluid types. It has been applied in the present study using reprocessed pre-stack 2D seismic data (1992, Caulerpa) from north-west of the Bonaparte Basin, Australia. The AVO response along the 2D pre-stack seismic data in the Laminaria High NW shelf of Australia was also investigated. Three hypotheses were suggested to investigate the AVO behaviour of the amplitude anomalies in which three different factors; fluid substitution, porosity and thickness (Wedge model) were tested. The AVO models with the synthetic gathers were analysed using log information to find which of these is the controlling parameter on the AVO analysis. AVO cross plots from the real pre-stack seismic data reveal AVO class IV (showing a negative intercept decreasing with offset). This result matches our modelled result of fluid substitution for the seismic synthetics. It is concluded that fluid substitution is the controlling parameter on the AVO analysis and therefore, the high amplitude anomaly on the seabed and the target horizon 9 is the result of changing the fluid content and the lithology along the target horizons. While changing the porosity has little effect on the amplitude variation with offset within the AVO cross plot. Finally, results from the wedge models show that a small change of thickness causes a change in the amplitude; however, this change in thickness gives a different AVO characteristic and a mismatch with the AVO result of the real 2D pre-stack seismic data. Therefore, a constant thin layer with changing fluids is more likely to be the cause of the high amplitude anomalies.

Identifying potential sites for artificial groundwater recharge using GIS and AHP techniques: A case study of Erbil basin, Iraq

Excessive extraction, uncontrolled withdrawal of groundwater, and unregulated practices have caused severe depletion of groundwater resources in the Erbil basin, Iraq. This situation has had a number of negative consequences on human settlement, agricultural activities, clean water supply, and the environment. Runoff harvesting and artificial groundwater recharge play a significant role in the sustainable management of water resources, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This study aims to: (1) delineate groundwater recharge zones using multiple thematic layers that control the groundwater recharge process, and (2) identify prospective sites and structures to perform artificial groundwater recharge. In order to generate a potential map for groundwater recharge zones, seven thematic layers are considered in this study, namely, topographic position index, geomorphology, lithology, land cover, slope, drainage-length density, and lineament-length density. After that, the analytic hierarchy process was applied to weight, rank, and reclassify these seven thematic layers. All maps are then integrated within the ArcGIS environment for delineating groundwater recharge zones. Accordingly, the resulting map categorizes the study area into five zones: extremely high, high, moderate, low, and extremely low potential for groundwater recharge. As expected, areas along the Greater Zab river show the highest possibility for groundwater recharge. Likewise, rugged eastern hills demonstrate an encouraging capacity for artificial aquifer recharge, whereas the least effective area is represented by built-up land. Based on the generated map, two dams are proposed as promising artificial recharge structures for harvesting runoff water east of Erbil city. Lastly, the resulting map of the potential groundwater recharge zones is verified using static water level data, where the coefficient of determination (R2) achieved a satisfactory result (0.73). These findings provide crucial evidence for implementing a sustainable management plan of surface and groundwater resources. The applied method is eventually valid for regions where appropriate and adequate field data availability is a serious issue.

Nimesulide derivatives reduced cell proliferation against breast and ovarian cancer: synthesis, characterization, biological assessment, and crystal structure.

New nimesulide derivatives (A1-A6) were synthesized and investigated by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, melting point, elemental analysis, mass spectra, and DSC analysis. Agent A3 single crystal was grown and solved in a monoclinic crystal system with Cc. Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) and tubulin are essential cellular proteins for normal cell division and growth. In addition, these proteins are expressed highly in cancer cells. Breast cancer (SKBR3) and ovarian cancer (SKOV3) cell lines are our models for biological assessment. The data revealed that nimesulide analogs showed high cytotoxicity when treated with SKBR3 cell line ranges from 0.22 µM to 12.0 µM, while SKOV3 cell line from 0.1 µM to 16.0 µM. In-depth, structure-activity relationship applied on nimesulide lead structure highlights the importance of a bulk moiety on position two that reduces cell proliferation in both cell lines.

Numerical modelling of non-premixed biogas and LPG combustion to study carbon nanostructures formation in flame

This work presents the numerical simulation of biogas and LPG fuelled diffusion flames in an axisymmetric chamber to study in-depth, the formation mechanism of soot and carbon nanostructures in these flames. The simulation is formulated on the set of transport equations that involve the equations for conservation of mass (the continuity equation), momentum (Navier-Stokes equation), energy, and chemical species. The governing equations are solved using ANSYS FLUENT, which is centered on the finite volume method. To predict the soot formation, one step soot model has been incorporated. The solution of these equations permits the estimation of temperature field and species concentrations inside the flame. Simulation is conducted at fixed fuel flow rate and varied oxygen flow rates. The results reveal that the formation of soot and carbon nanostructures is strongly dependent on peak flame temperature and concentration of precursor species formed in the flame. Since two fuels produce an exclusive chemical environment in the flame, the flame temperature and CO concentration that is conducive to the growth of carbon nanostructures is higher for LPG fuel as compared to that for biogas. Hence, the nucleation process of carbon nanostructures is faster for LPG than biogas. Moreover, the reactions taking place inside the flame at different locations can also be predicted from flame temperature and species concentration at that location. Pyrolysis of fuel occur near the burner exit, followed by the nucleation and surface growth of carbon nanostructures in the nearby region and oxidation of formed carbon nanostructures near the flame tip.

Description of the energy levels and electric quadrupole transitions of the 92Nb and 92Mo nuclei using nuclear shell model

In current study ,92Nb and 92Mo isotopes have been determined for calculating energy levels and electric quadrupole transition probabilities. Two interaction have been applied in this study are surface delta and modified surface delta interactions. The calculations have been achieved by using appropriate effective charges for proton and neutron as well as parameter length of harmonic potential. Computed results have been compared with the experimental values. After this comparison, energy and the transition probability values have a good agreement with the experimental values, also there are values of the total angular momentum and parity are determined and confirmed for some of the experimental energies, undetermined and unconfirmed experimentally. Theoretically, new values of quadrupole electric transition probabilities have been explored which have not been known in the experimental data.

Current – voltage measurements of Al/a-Se/Au Schottky diode solar cells

Schottky Diode (SD) Al/a-Se/Au as a solar cell (SC) was prepared by thermal evaporation technique (TET) on glass thin slide as a substrate under vacuum (10!" mbar). The Schottky Barrier (SB) have been prepared with different thicknesses (300, 500 and 700) nm in room temperature and (343) K annealing temperature. The current-voltage (IV) physical properties of the SB have got rectification properties and approved as a SC. This cell is developed with increased annealing temperatures and thickness of layers of SD. Experience under lighting shows good efficiency (η), which increased linearly with both thickness and annealing temperatures from (0.0318% to 4.064%) and from (0.0318% to 0.4778%). This is for three values of lighting power density (160, 230, 400) 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚# in which the behave is similar. The best efficiency obtained in this work was (15.286)% at a power density of 400 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚# , with thickness 700nm and 343K annealing temperature. Also (12.407)% at 230 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚#, with thickness 500nm for the same annealing temperature.

Nonlinear signal processing, spectral, and fractal based stridor auscultation: A machine learning approach

The work reported in the paper analyses the adventitious stridor breath sound (ST) and the normal bronchial breath sound (BR) using spectral, fractal, and nonlinear signal processing methods. The sixty breath sound signals are subjected to power spectral density (PSD) and wavelet analyses to understand the temporal evolution of the frequency components. The energy envelope of the PSD plot of ST shows three peaks labelled as A (256 Hz), B (369 Hz), and C (540 Hz), of which A alone is present in BR at 265 Hz. The appearance of B and C in the PSD plot of ST is due to the obstructions in the trachea and upper airways caused by lesions. The phase portrait analysis of the time series data of ST and BR gives information about the randomness and the sample entropy of the dynamical system. The study reveals that the fractal dimension and sample entropy values are higher for BR, which may be due to the musical ordered behaviour of ST. The machine learning techniques based on the features extracted from the PSD data and phase portrait parameters offer good predictability, besides the classification of BR and ST, and thereby revealing its potential in pulmonary auscultation.

Numerical study on conjugate convective thermal transport in an annular porous geometry

Buoyancy-driven convection in an annular space between two upright concentric cylinders having finite thickness of inner/outer cylinder is an essential physical structure exposing several practical applications. The current article reports the coupled conduction-convection transfer in an upright porous annular space and the buoyant convective stream and thermal transfer, associated thermal transport rates has been numerically investigated. In this analysis, the inner cylinder has fixed width and maintained at uniform high temperature, while the outer cylinder wall is preserved at uniform lower temperature. However, the lower & upper boundaries of annular region are presumed to be sealed and insulated. The Brinkman-extended Darcy formulation is implemented for modeling the stream in the porous medium. An implicit finite difference technique based on SLOR & ADI methods is adopted to resolve the governing equations. From the numerical predictions, it has been detected that the conductivity ratio & wall thickness has crucial role in controlling thermal transport through the annular space. The present work will have applications in electronic equipment, electric machinery, solar collectors, and lubrication systems.

Dielectric spectroscopy of aluminum oxide (γ-Al2O3)

Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are continuously demonstrating the functional characteristics in devices. The physiochemical properties of hydrothermally as-grown Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) have been investigated in this research article. The as-prepared material was confirmed as γ- phase formation of Al2O3. The average crystallite size was found ∼ 78 nm, whereas the particles were found in nano scale too. Moreover, the absence of impurity in EDS analysis, and the presence of the bending vibrations of Al-O-Al and Al-O band in FTIR characterization further confirmed the absence of impurity in the material. Evaluated dielectric properties such as a relatively high dielectric constant, and low dielectric loss indicated the good optical quality of γ- Al2O3. Impedance and modulus spectroscopic studies showed the non-Debye type relaxation in γ- Al2O3 with an average relaxation time of 5.8 μs. Overall, the dielectric spectroscopy analysis of γ- Al2O3 indicates the promising applications of γ- Al2O3 in devices as dielectrics.