Macroeconomic and Institutional Drivers of Current Account in Developing Asian Countries

This study empirically investigates the impact of macroeconomic and institutional variables on the current account balances of nine selected developing Asian countries over the period of 1984-2018. The Fixed Effect (FE) technique that helps to identify the major variables that can affect the dependent variable i.e., current account has been used to analyze data. The results indicate that trade openness; domestic relative income and real effective exchange rate are the variables which are significant and positively associated with the current account balances of developing Asian countries. However, when the institutional variables are included i.e. law &order and bureaucratic quality have turned out to have the significant effect on current account as well. The dummy variable is also introduced to compare the ASEAN region with South Asian region. The results suggest that it has positive and significant effect on the current account balances of ASEAN.

Trade Balance and Oil Shocks in African Oil Exporting Countries

This paper is driven by the vast influence oil money have on the current account balance of major oil producing countries in Africa and the role policy measures could play to soften these effects. Dwelling on the nonlinear techniques, two types of Threshold Regression were used to estimate data on 8 African countries from 1995-2019. The results show evidence of nonlinear impacts of oil revenue on the current account balances of the 8 countries. The nature of the impact relies significantly on the levels of the threshold variable. Precisely, the estimated threshold benchmark for financial development was 33.34; below this threshold the sensitivity of current account balance to crude-oil shocks is higher and the probability of policy measures to mitigate the effects is low and, beyond the threshold the sensitivity of current account balance to crude-oil shocks is low and the probability of policy measure to mitigate the effects is higher. The finding suggested among others that crude-oil shocks is not the primary problem of the current account imbalance of oil-exporting countries rather the nature of the domestic economic policy environment.

Application of Oxidative Ring Opening/Ring Closing by Reductive Amination Protocol for the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Functionalized Azaheterocycles

The current Account gives an insight into the synthesis of some N-heterocyclic β-amino acid derivatives and various functionalized saturated azaheterocycles accessed from substituted cycloalkenes via ring C=C bond oxidative cleavage followed by ring closing across double reductive amination. The ring-cleavage protocol has been accomplished according to two common approaches: a) Os-catalyzed dihydroxylation/NaIO4 vicinal diol oxidation and b) ozonolysis. A comparative study on these methodologies has been investigated. Due to the everincreasing relevance of organofluorine chemistry in drug research as well as of the high biological potential of β-amino acid derivatives several illustrative examples to the access of various fluorine-containing piperidine or azepane β-amino acid derivatives are also presented in the current Account.1 Introduction2 Olefin-Bond Transformation by Oxidative Ring Cleavage3 Synthesis of Saturated Azaheterocycles via Oxidative Ring-Opening/Ring-Closing Double Reductive Amination3.1 Importance of Fluorine-Containing Azaheterocycles in Pharmaceutical Research3.2 Synthesis of Azaheterocyclic Amino Acid Derivatives with a Piperidine or Azepane Framework through Oxidative Ring Opening/Reductive Amination3.2.1 Synthesis of Piperidine β-Amino Esters3.2.2 Synthesis of Azepane β-Amino Esters3.2.3 Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Piperidine γ-Amino Esters3.3 Synthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives through Oxidative Ring Opening/Reductive Amination Protocol3.4 Synthesis of Functionalized Benzazepines through Reductive Amination3.4.1 Synthesis of Benzo[c]azepines3.4.2 Synthesis of Benzo[d]azepines3.5 Synthesis of Various N-Heterocycles via Ozonolysis/Reductive Amination3.5.1 Synthesis of Compounds with an Azepane Ring3.5.2 Synthesis of Piperidine β-Amino Acids and Piperidine-Fused β-Lactams3.5.3 Synthesis of γ-Lactams with a Piperidine Ring3.5.4 Synthesis of other N-Heterocycles4 Summary and Outlook5 List of Abbreviations

ANALISIS PENGARUH UTANG LUAR NEGERI DAN RISIKO NEGARA TERHADAP CAPITAL FLIGHT DI NEGARA BERKEMBANG ASEAN

This study aims to analyze the effect of foreign debt and country risk on capital flight in ASEAN developing countries. The country's risks include the current account/export ratio, economic growth, inflation, and political instability. Determination of the sample is based on annual time-series data for the period 2005 to 2019. The data used in this study is secondary data from the World Bank 2021 and the World Governance Indicator (WGI) 2021. This study uses panel data regression analysis with Fixed Effect Model using cross-section SUR (Seemingly Unrelated Regression). Based on the results of the F statistical test (simultaneous test) shows that foreign debt, current account/export ratio, economic growth, inflation, and political instability simultaneously have a significant effect on capital flight in ASEAN developing countries from 2005 to 2019. Then, based on the results t statistical test (partial test) shows that foreign debt, economic growth, inflation, and political instability have a significant positive effect on capital flight, while the current account/export ratio has a significant negative effect on capital flight in ASEAN developing countries from 2005 to 2019