AGOA exclusion adds to economic pressure on Ethiopia

Significance This adds to the bad economic news for the country, which recently had to postpone its second telecoms licensing round, is still waiting to restructure its foreign debt and faces huge reconstruction costs in conflict-affected areas. Impacts Foreign companies that have evacuated personnel, let alone tourists, may be slow to return until the security situation improves markedly. A debt restructuring deal should be reached this year, easing fiscal pressure after the end of the G20 Debt Service Suspension Initiative. Ethiopia’s AGOA exclusion is not up for review again until 2023, and could even be extended absent real improvement in the situation.

PENGARUH EKSPOR MIGAS, PENANAMAN MODAL ASING, UTANG LUAR NEGERI, DAN INFLASI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI INDONESIA

This study aims to analyze the partial and simultaneous effect of oil and gas exports, foreign investment, foreign debt and inflation on Indonesia's economic growth in 1975-2019. The research method uses a quantitative approach which will be explained associatively. The data analysis used is multiple linear regression method as an econometric tool to describe the characteristics of a sample or observed location with the help of SPSS 26 for windows. The results of the study prove that partially oil and gas exports, foreign debt, and inflation affect Indonesia's economic growth. Meanwhile, foreign investment has no effect on Indonesia's economic growth. Simultaneously, the variables of oil and gas exports, foreign investment, foreign debt and inflation affect Indonesia's economic growth. This is supported by the R2 value of 0.599 which means that 59.9 percent of the variation in economic growth is influenced by oil and gas exports, foreign investment, foreign debt and inflation, while the remaining 40.1 percent is influenced by other factors not included in the model.

FOREIGN FINANCING, EXCHANGE RATE EXPOSURES AND CORPORATE INVESTMENT IN SINGAPORE

We study the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on foreign corporate investment flows to Singaporean firms using a linear reduced-form empirical specification on data from the past decade. Overall, we find that the cost of debt capital falls on average when the Singapore dollar depreciates. Isolating the effect of exchange rates on US-denominated debt vis-a-vis interest rates and yield curve variables shows that an increase in the cost of foreign debt capital through exchange rate changes leads to lower investment, albeit only slightly and an order of magnitude less important than short-term government bond yields.

Deficit financing approaches and the Nigerian sector’s output

This study examined the effect of deficit financing on Sectorial Output in Nigeria from 1986–2020. The independent variable in the study is deficit financing measured by domestic debt, foreign debt, budget deficit, and Foreign exchange reserve while the dependent variable in the study is Sectorial Output measured by Manufacturing Sector and Services Sector Output. Accordingly, the two models support the ARDL Methodology since they reported mixed integration. The study found that domestic debt has a positive significant effect on Sectorial Output in Nigeria. More so, Foreign Debt has a negative insignificant effect on Manufacturing Sector Output. However, it has a significant effect on the Services Sector Output in Nigeria. Again, the study found that Budget Deficit exerted a positive significant effect on Manufacturing Sector Output. However, it exerted a negative insignificant effect on Services Sector Output. While Foreign Reserve exerted a negative insignificant effect on Manufacturing Sector Output, Foreign Reserve had mixed effects on Services Sector Output; such effect tends to be statistically significant only in the short run. Lastly, the both inflation rate and the interest rate have a mixed effect on Sectorial Output.

الحكم الرشيد وكفاءة التخطيط للموازنة الاتحادية والدور المرتقب لتحقيق التنمية المستدامة في العراق

The Iraqi reality misses the foundations of good governance in Iraq, as well as the comprehensive development programs that produce economic and financial reforms, especially in the federal budget, which is characterized as a fragile, weak and vocal budget. Therefore, it came as a modest attempt to shed light on the justifications for achieving good and good governance and efficient planning for the federal budget in its expenditures and revenues. The public, which contributes to building the state and achieving sustainable development that helps solve the main community problems, reduce poverty indicators, reduce unemployment, provide housing and basic services for all components of Iraqi society, and one of the doors to good and rational governance is the efficient management of the federal budget in Iraq, which is represented by efficient planning for managing public money. And protecting it from corruption is in addition to the many problems that fiscal policy suffers from, including weak non-oil financial revenues and dependence on oil revenues, and the growing deficit in budget planning and reliance in particular on foreign debt in the face of the deficit, and solutions are not impossible but need a national administration to achieve them.

Design of Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries Based on Entrepreneurship

Poverty is a very complex problem to solve and find a solution, this is because poverty is highly correlated with various cross-sectors with one another that is interconnected so that breaking the poverty rate requires a strategy that is concrete, valid and of course sustainable. The purpose of this paper is to make a policy design in an effort to alleviate poverty in developing countries or poor countries that have low per capita income. The main problem in developing countries is that they do not have sufficient budgets to develop their countries so that in general the budget deficit is covered through foreign debt, then it is still dependent on investment from foreign investors in driving the economy, especially in the manufacturing, industry and infrastructure sectors because the state has not been able to afford it. to build it themselves due to the lack of budget, the low quality of human resources, this is due to the low level of education so that they do not have the competitiveness in competing in getting jobs, so that people who do not have competitiveness are finally excluded and fall into poverty. Policies in developing countries are generally still at the macro-economic level, not at the micro-economic level in poverty alleviation so that the poverty rate, although there is a decline, is still very small compared to the ratio of poverty growth to population. One solution to overcome this poverty problem is to build an entrepreneurial spirit because entrepreneurship will have high economic value and have a very large multiplayer for economic growth.

Brazilian Dependent Capitalism Under the Hegemony of Financialized Capital

An analysis of the Brazilian economic history of the past 50 years shows that the accumulation of foreign debt and its subsequent crisis in the 1980s, the ensuing fiscal adjustments with supervision by the International Monetary Fund, the execution of the Real Plan in 1994, the resulting macroeconomic trifecta, and new laws and resolutions have reinforced and expanded Brazil’s economic and financial dependency. Since the 1990s, its political-economic relations have been shaped by the principles of a liberal-monetarist economy that is the basis for the accumulation and revaluation of domestic and foreign capital. Uma análise da história econômica brasileira dos últimos 50 anos mostra que o acúmulo da dívida externa e sua posterior crise nos anos 1980, os subsequentes ajustes fiscais com supervisões do International Monetary Fund, a execução do Plano Real em 1994, a decorrente política do tripé macroeconômico e as leis e resoluções, reforçaram e ampliaram a dependência econômico-financeira do Brasil em sua inserção mundial. Desde os anos 1990, o âmago das relações político-econômicas brasileiras está gestado por princípios doutrinários de uma economia liberal-monetarista, a qual é a base para a acumulação e revalorização de capital interno e externo.

ANALISIS PENGARUH UTANG LUAR NEGERI DAN RISIKO NEGARA TERHADAP CAPITAL FLIGHT DI NEGARA BERKEMBANG ASEAN

This study aims to analyze the effect of foreign debt and country risk on capital flight in ASEAN developing countries. The country's risks include the current account/export ratio, economic growth, inflation, and political instability. Determination of the sample is based on annual time-series data for the period 2005 to 2019. The data used in this study is secondary data from the World Bank 2021 and the World Governance Indicator (WGI) 2021. This study uses panel data regression analysis with Fixed Effect Model using cross-section SUR (Seemingly Unrelated Regression). Based on the results of the F statistical test (simultaneous test) shows that foreign debt, current account/export ratio, economic growth, inflation, and political instability simultaneously have a significant effect on capital flight in ASEAN developing countries from 2005 to 2019. Then, based on the results t statistical test (partial test) shows that foreign debt, economic growth, inflation, and political instability have a significant positive effect on capital flight, while the current account/export ratio has a significant negative effect on capital flight in ASEAN developing countries from 2005 to 2019