Octyl 6-O-hexanoyl-β-D-glucopyranosides: Synthesis, PASS, antibacterial, in silico ADMET, and DFT studies

An analytical procedure for the analysis of carotenoids in marine sediments rich in organic matter has been developed. Analysis of these compounds is difficult; the application of methods used by other authors required optimization for the samples studied here. The analytical procedure involved multiple ultrasound-assisted extraction with acetone followed by liquid-liquid extraction (acetone extract:benzene:water - 15:1:10 v/v/v) and HPLC analysis. The influence of column temperature on pigment separation and the quantification method were investigated – a temperature of 5 °C was selected for the Lichrospher 100 RP-18e column. The pigments in the sediment extract were quantified using a method based on HPLC analysis (at 450 nm) and spectrophotometric measurements (at 450 nm), and extinction coefficients were determined for standard solutions at this wavelength. It is very important to use the value of the extinction coefficient appropriate to the wavelength at which the detection of carotenoids was carried out.

THE APPLICATION OF NATURAL ZEOLITE FROM CIAMIS AS TiO2 PHOTOCATALYST SUPPORT FOR RHODAMINE B DYE PHOTODEGRADATION

Heavy metals such as nickel and cadmium from the waste of human activities (industry, domestic,) can lead the pollution and sediments deposited on the seabed. Water pH changing, can lead to the release (leaching) metals in the sediment into the water body and then it will be bioaccumulated on biota arround the environment. To see the effect of pH changing on the release (leaching) of these metals, extracting the sediment at pH variations has done (TCLP method). From the results of detection metals cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) release studies, to see the hazards of cadmium and nickel metal, carried out a simulation of bioaccumulation test on biota using bioindikator Cyprinus carpio (OECD Guideline 305). Based on the analysis of data obtained in the nickel content in the sediment extract pH 3, 5 and 7 reached 2.55 to 27.94 µg/g, while for cadmium reaches 4.31 to 4.68 µg/g. Observation of metallic nickel and cadmium bioaccumulation in fish hass done for 28 days by looking at levels of cadmium and nickel on the gills of fish and meat. In the flesh of fish, the highest cadmium concentration of 3.179 µg/g while in the gills is 5.392 µg/g. The highest nickel concentrations in fish flesh is equal to 4.557 µg/g while for gill is equal to 10.417 µg/g. The study results indicate the presence of cadmium and nickel metal accumulation on biota. Keywords: TCLP method, biota, Cyprinus carpio

DEPOSITION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS WITH SEDIMENT TRAPPED IN SNOW IN ROADSIDE AREAS

Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) deposition rates were determined along various roads using the natural snow cover as deposition trap. Daily deposition rates decreased with distance from the roads, which coincided with long-term TPH accumulation in roadside soils. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) of the snow meltwater sediment revealed occurrence of carbon-rich plaques, which were identified as hydrocarbons using FTIR-microscopy. GC-MS revealed that the compounds extracted from the sediment consisted of an unresolved complex hydrocarbon mixture (UCM). Individual n-alkanes could not be resolved in the sediment extract, whereas TPHs extracted from soils contained a series of n-alkanes peaking at C25-C27. The proportion of UCM compounds from TPHs decreased with distance from road. We conclude that high-boiling hydrocarbons bind to coarse mineral dust and/or to splash water and vehicle spray, which preferentially deposit within a 10 m roadside strip.

Template Preparation for PCR and RFLP of Amplification Products for the Detection and Identification of Cyclospora sp. and Eimeria spp. Oocysts Directly from Raspberries

Raspberries were epidemiologically associated with cyclosporiasis outbreaks during 1996 and 1997. The 18S rRNA genes of Cyclospora cayetanensis and several species of a closely related genus, Eimeria, were sequenced and primers for a nested PCR developed in a previous study. The ability to distinguish amplified products of Cyclospora sp. from those of Eimeria spp. is important for testing food and environmental samples. Therefore, an RFLP analysis of amplified products was used to differentiate Cyclospora cayetanensis from Eimeria spp. PCR inhibitors and the low levels of Cyclospora oocysts present in raspberries make Template preparation for PCR challenging. Several approaches for PCR Template preparation from raspberry samples were evaluated. Template preparation methods using various washing and concentration steps, oocyst disruption protocols, resin matrix treatment, DNA precipitation, and/or the addition of nonfat dried milk solution to a PCR using modified primers were evaluated first with oocysts of Eimeria tenella then refined with oocysts of C. cayetanensis. Approximately 10 E. tenella oocysts per PCR or approximately 19 C. cayetanensis oocysts per PCR were detected with the optimized Template preparation method. The addition of 20 μl of raspberry wash sediment extract and nonfat dried milk solution did not inhibit the amplification of DNA from as few as 10 E. tenella and 25 C. cayetanensis oocysts in a 100-μl PCR. The nucleotide sequences of C. cayetanensis and the Eimeria spp. are 94 to 96% similar in the amplified region, but the amplification products from the two genera were distinguished using an RFLP analysis with the restriction enzyme MnlI.