Preliminary Investigation and Significance on the Architectural Cultural Value: A Case Study of Ancient Theater Buildings in Shaanxi Central Plain Region

As a witness to the history of development, architecture is an important material symbol for recording history and a precious "immovable" historical and cultural heritage. The ancient theater building of the village not only condenses the artistic style of traditional architecture, but also embodies the regional character and heavy folk culture formed in the historical development of a region, and its value is indescribable. This paper takes the most characteristic ancient theater building in Shaanxi Central Plain Region as an example, and it takes the Zouyue Pavilion as the research object, and innovatively proposes the preliminary investigation method of the cultural relics protection which is equal emphasis on the protection and inheritance of the tangible cultural heritage and the intangible cultural heritage, it adopts the cultural relic exploration, field survey, local chronicles research and other methods, through the excavation of the diversified historical information and cultural value of the Zouyue Pavilion, it provides a cultural relic value and research significance basis for its restoration and protection, and more importantly, the precious cultural, historical and social values that can be presented, thus realizing the protection and inheritance of cultural heritage in a real sense.

VITRUVIUS ON THE VALUE OF MUSIC FOR ENHANCING THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE ANTIQUE THEATER’S AUDIENCE SPACE. Part 1

Vitruvius' legacy points to the importance of music in architecture for enhancing the acoustics of ancient theaters. In particular, he described in detail the sounding vessels, or ηχεια – “echea”, the effectiveness of which has not been proven. The effect of “echeas” on the acoustic parameters of a small classical Greek theater is investigated using computer modeling methods. The theater models developed take into account Vitruvius' recommendations and published research and measurements of ancient theater acoustic parameters reconstructed in our time. The descriptions of Vitruvius and the musical theories of Aristoxenus and Pythagoras were considered when developing the “echeas” models. Using the standard algorithm of the EASE4.4 program, the parameters of a small theater were calculated and the C50, C80, STI acoustic parameters of the theater’s sound field were found to benefit from the “echeas” or sounding vessels.

Hellenic Theology of Early Classical Period

The author analyzes the transformations of Hellenic theologys content and forms in the epoch of early antique classics (1st half of the 5th century B.C.). The general orientation of such transformations is the generalization of mythological gods meanings into the abstract implications of the Absolute, which is not yet sacral in its full sense and not transcendent. Besides, this period is the end of the decentralization of consciousness. Cognitive limitations to the development of abstract conceptual thinking and the rational component of consciousness are removed. This processs main points transform mythology into artistic and aesthetic creativity (folklore, mythopoetic epic, etc.), religious consciousness, and theology. Rationalism is always critical. Critical rationalism inevitably leads to historicism. Therefore, the formation of a historical attitude strengthens at the sight of the critical approach. The world's mythological image is increasingly being questioned (first in parts, and then in general). Its content is being transferred to the past. Finally, the era of early classicism comes into play. It is a time when theology becomes a field of philosophical and theoretical reflection on myth and an area of its artistic and aesthetic experience. The most influential form of such an understanding of myth was the theater. The ancient theater served as a spiritual and practical form of ancient theology, a subject embodiment of theology in stage action.

Nomi di luoghi e nomi di fiumi in area altinate: tra lingua e cultura

This paper discusses some toponyms of the surrounding area of ancient Altinum. Some place names and river names, usually attested by latin sources, can trace back to older linguistic stage. I consider the names Altinum and Silis, but also the hydronyms Zero and Muson (the ancient names are unattested), which origin could be attribute to the Venetic language. The proposal of a Venetic basis from indoeuropean *eghero for the name Zero is apparently to exclude because of the medieval forms Zayro/Iairo, which arise from latin theatrum; nevertheless, the -ai- forms can be explained as a cultural induction, considering the proximity of the river to the ancient theater of Altinum.

NUANÇAS DA PAIXÃO NA MEDEIA DE EURÍPIDES

A Medeia de Eurípides é uma das mais importantes peças do teatro antigo. A complexidade do texto e a fertilidade das possibilidades interpretativas tem despertado grande interesse dos estudiosos. Neste artigo, pretendo analisar algumas noções que compõem o núcleo do irracional tipificado na protagonista (Medeia). Trata-se de demonstrar a insuficiência do emprego do termo pathos para qualificar o comportamento da personagem no drama. O problema consiste nas parcas ocorrências do referido vocábulo para sustentar o sentido do que seja agir pelo irracional. A fim de ampliar a compreensão do que rege as cenas marcadas por forças irracionais, serão levadas em consideração as noções de ódio e cólera/ira, entre outros. Para proceder a análise textual, foram utilizadas três traduções em português, a saber, a tradução de Mário da Gama Kury, a tradução de Jaa Torrano e a tradução de Maria Helena da Rocha Pereira, além do texto grego publicado pela editora ateniense Kaktoz.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Medeia. Tragédia. Irracional. Ira.ABSTRACTEuripides’ Medea is one of the most important plays of ancient theater. The complexity of the text and the fertility of interpretive possibilities has aroused great interest among scholars. In this article, I intend to analyze some notions that make up the core of the irrational typified in the protagonist (Medea). This is to demonstrate the inadequacy of the use of the term pathos to qualify the behavior of the character in the drama. The problem consists in the few occurrences of pathos to sustain the meaning of what is to act by the irrational. In order to broaden the understanding of what governs scenes marked by irrational forces, notions of hatred and anger, among others, will be taken into account. To proceed with the textual analysis, three Portuguese translations are used. They are: the translation of Mário da Gama Kury, the translation of Jaa Torrano and the translation of Maria Helena da Rocha Pereira, and also, the Greek text published by the Athenian Kaktoz publisher.KEYWORDS: Medea; Tragedy; Irrational; Anger.

Genre specifics of L. Andreev's play «The Life of Man»

In article is devoted to the thorough analysis of poetics and genre peculiarities of L. Andreev’s play «The Life of Man». The study showed that the important role in this work play modernistic principles of representation of world and person as neomythologism, intertextuality, motifity, dominating of symbolical types and characters, irony, grotesque. The article “Life of a Man” demonstrated that the “new drama” by L. Andreev has been promoting such a type of conflict, which shows the way of collision, where the Wall resists the Man in its various forms. In the "new myth" of the writer, it turned to Rock (Someone in Gray). Therefore, the basis of the drama "Life of Man" was based on the conflict "Man and Rock", embodied in adequate artistic forms. Thus, the author actively used the semantic potential even more meaningful than in the earlier plays, chronotope, intertextual and auto-intertextual mythosymbolic motifs, as well as the metatextual and artistic possibilities of the frame complex and decoupage, for the formation of the non-mythological level of drama. Describing the drama "Life of Man", the writer called the painting himself, the Parsley (Lubok) theater and the ancient theater with his choir as such forms, which "explained" to the viewer a particular scene. The study of L. Andreev’s drama’s chronotop in various periods of his work, along with variability, demonstrates his apparent conceptual uniformity. The results of our research refute the conception, that approves the evolutional type of Andreev’s dramaturgy from early realistic to “conventional” symbolico-expressionistic drams and drams ‘panpsihe”. Type of the conflict, which lies in its basis, and also all levels of its structure revealed the modernistic nature and isomorphism with Andreev’s prose. Apparently, both in prose, and in dramaturgy of the writer there was no evolution, the accents in the author’s concept only changed and the appropriate art means and image forms merely varied. Already in the first dramas all was put that only came to light, deepened and became more obvious.

PREVENTION OF TRADITION, REGULARITY OF POSITIVE RECEIVES, DELL’ARTE CANONICAL CODE REVALUATION. COMMANDARY TRANSFORMATION OF COMMEDIA CIVILE RUSTICALE INTO COMMEDIA DELL’ARTE (ITALIAN DRAMATURGY)

The author of the article studies the peculiarities of comedy dell’arte, regularities of its poetic techniques. Particular attention is drawn to the style and genre of the dramatic works. The masks of dell’arte (mainly zan), having gone from the notion of a dual creature that is on the verge of a funny and terrible, profane and sacred («spirits and ghosts» of the cult of the crops of fertility, devils of the mysterious action), to the mask types of comedy del arte and further - masks-characters in the work of Goldoni, at the turn of the 19–20 centuries, turned into a symbol of the ancient theater, theater-balagan, the theater is extremely conditional and play, emphasizing the concept of «theatrical theater» in art. Mask dell’arte as the unity of the actor and the character actually ceased to exist, but it was in the traditions of this theater and its characters found inspiration for directors, poets, artists at the turn of the century. The main artistic means of comedy dell’arte are analyzed. The conducted research shows that the main aesthetic principles of commedia dell’arte are reduced to the aesthetic system, which contains three essential elements: firstly, the theater is kept by a professional actor, who completely gives himself to the theater; secondly, the influence of the theater is stronger because of the synthesis of arts: plastic, music, dance and words; and thirdly, the soul of the performance is an action. The methods used in the paper are mixed: close reading, historical data processing, analyses of interdisciplinary resources (literary gerontology, social gerontology, theatre studies). The innovative solution lies in the application of interdisciplinary approach to close reading of drama texts. The results can be practical for classes of Italian literature and study of culture, theatre.

Locating and Mapping the Traces of the Covered Ancient Theater of Amphipolis (Eastern Macedonia, Greece)

Ancient Amphipolis (Eastern Macedonia, Greece) is one of the most important archaeological sites of Greece. Despite the restricted excavation studies, important monuments have been discovered, such as the city walls and the Macedonian burial site at the Kasta hill, etc. Currently, the location of the ancient theater is unknown and only assumptions can be made regarding its location. In the current study, we aim to detect the accurate location of the ancient theater using archaeological prospection tools, data collected from the excavated sites, and testimonies of people of the modern city. For the first step of the approach, the approximate location of the ancient theater was determined using information derived by archived geospatial data (multi-temporal aerial photographs, satellite image, and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the area) as well as information regarding the neighboring excavated sites. For the in-depth study of the area of interest, a drone was used for the acquisition of high-resolution geospatial data. The generated orthorectified image (3 cm spatial resolution), DTM, and Digital Surface Model (DSM) allowed the determination of the potential location of the buried orchestra’s center using geometric rules for the design of ancient theaters. Furthermore, using the produced DSM and DTM, terrain cross-sections were generated.