John Locke’s Philosophy as a Teaching about Human and their Behavior

Purpose. The article is aimed to outline Locke’s position on the basic principles of proper human behavior. Its implementation involves: a) review of the research literature concerning the place of anthropological motive in philosophizing and b) research of his interpretation of human nature and the role of the rational component. Theoretical basis. The author’s approach is based on the conceptual provisions of phenomenology and existentialism. Originality. The work considers the teaching of Locke as the author of the original concept of human nature, which is closely related to the understanding of ethical issues. It is proved that its meaningful development involves the identification of the main components of human nature in the process of determining the basic principles of personality behavior. The original conception of the thinker on the irrational component of human nature and the ways of its rationalization is analyzed. Conclusions. It is substantiated that Locke’s philosophical heritage is not reduced to depersonalized empiricism as epistemology, and his teaching about human is not limited to the abstract study of their rational component. The thinker connects the request of his own epoch with the new vision of human and the basic principles of their behavior on the basis of rationality. Locke is looking for the ways to master the irrational component of human nature and is convinced that in the era of the scientific revolution, the basis of human behavior should be rationality. Locke considers human freedom to be one of the key moments of human nature.

Empathy is the ability of a medical worker affecting the level of patient satisfaction with medical care

The aim of the study is to determine the role of empathy of medical workers in medical and surgical departments in patient satisfaction with medical care. Results. Therapists are characterized by emotional empathy and the ability to identify with the patient; surgeons are characterized by a rational component of empathic experience. Conclusion. Patient satisfaction with the provision of medical care reveals a dependence on the level of empathy of medical professionals with a therapeutic profile, but does not depend on the ability to empathize with medical professionals of a surgical profile.

Negativity and Political Behavior: A Theoretical Framework for the Analysis of Negative Voting in Contemporary Democracies

Recent developments in Western societies have motivated a growing consideration of the role of negativity in public opinion and political behavior research. In this article, we review the scant (and largely disconnected) scientific literature on negativity and political behavior, merging contributions from social psychology, public opinion, and electoral research, with a view on developing an integrated theoretical framework for the study of negative voting in contemporary democracies. We highlight that the tendency toward negative voting is driven by three partly overlapping components, namely, (1) an instrumental–rational component characterized by retrospective performance evaluations and rationalization mechanisms, (2) an ideological component grounded on long-lasting political identities, and (3) an affective component, motivated by (negative) attitudes toward parties and candidates. By blueprinting the systematic relationships between negative voting and each of these components in turn, and suggesting multiple research paths, this article aims to stimulate future studies on negative voting in multi-party parliamentary systems to motivate a better understanding of the implications of negativity in voting behavior in contemporary democracies.

Gender Differences in the Subjective Well-Being of Research and Teaching Staff

Subjective well-being is a new cognitive-affective indicator of socio-economic success of individuals that affects the effectiveness of their professional activities. The authors of the article investigate this phenomenon in the academic sphere, offering to analyze the gender specifics of the subjective well-being of research and teaching staff. The aim of the study is to compare the subjective well-being of research and teaching staff depending on gender, and to review theoretical approaches to research on subjective well-being. Based on the reflection of the previous stages of the study, the authors developed a methodological construct that includes an assessment of the subjective well-being of the academic staff of Russian universities through the analysis of affective and cognitive components. When developing research tools (online questionnaires), we used the emotional balance scale N. We also used questions from the European social survey (ESS) (measuring the overall perception of happiness and life values) and the VTSIOM monitoring study (self-assessment of financial situation). In the course of the study, the authors determined the specificity of subjective well-being on the basis of gender differences in the academic field that manifest the subjective assessment of affective (emotional balance of positive and negative emotions, subjective assessment of well-being in the context of the current period) and a cognitive component of subjective well-being: the value-rational component (assessment of their freedom, a sense of meaning in life, having goals and activities that define the meaning of life, etc.), goal-rational component (overall rating of quality of life, assessment of socio-economic and political institutions, satisfaction with the professional sphere). The assessment of subjective well-being of academic staff in Russian universities with regard to professional determinants (awareness of the value and purpose of professional activities, the status of the profession in society, the status of the institution, opportunity for professional development, self-development, academic freedom, relations, professional communication, work schedule, sabbaticals, precariatization (reporting, administrative burden).

Hellenic Theology of Early Classical Period

The author analyzes the transformations of Hellenic theologys content and forms in the epoch of early antique classics (1st half of the 5th century B.C.). The general orientation of such transformations is the generalization of mythological gods meanings into the abstract implications of the Absolute, which is not yet sacral in its full sense and not transcendent. Besides, this period is the end of the decentralization of consciousness. Cognitive limitations to the development of abstract conceptual thinking and the rational component of consciousness are removed. This processs main points transform mythology into artistic and aesthetic creativity (folklore, mythopoetic epic, etc.), religious consciousness, and theology. Rationalism is always critical. Critical rationalism inevitably leads to historicism. Therefore, the formation of a historical attitude strengthens at the sight of the critical approach. The world's mythological image is increasingly being questioned (first in parts, and then in general). Its content is being transferred to the past. Finally, the era of early classicism comes into play. It is a time when theology becomes a field of philosophical and theoretical reflection on myth and an area of its artistic and aesthetic experience. The most influential form of such an understanding of myth was the theater. The ancient theater served as a spiritual and practical form of ancient theology, a subject embodiment of theology in stage action.

Fraud reporting in Catalonia in the Internet era: Determinants and motives

Fraud has been identified as one of the most prevalent property crimes in the Internet era and underreporting represents one of the most pressing challenges to prevention and policing. Like fraud itself, the issue is not new and therefore traditional findings and approaches designed to foster reporting may also be applicable to online fraud. This study performs a series of regression models to analyse data on fraud victims from two editions of the representative Catalan Public Security Survey. The aim is to identify and compare socio-demographic, context and crime event determinants of online and offline fraud reporting, as well as the reasons for not reporting. Thus, the article contributes to the literature regarding cybercrime and traditional crime a/symmetries. The findings show that, surprisingly, online fraud is reported at a higher rate than offline fraud, mainly owing to the greater odds of being considered a crime by the victim. In general, fraud reporting appears to involve a rational component because financial and non-financial harms and the expected utility of reporting are more relevant to the decision than socio-demographic factors. In addition, the most common reasons for not reporting refer to the opportunity costs of doing so. The demographic predictors of online reporters show only slight differences from their offline counterparts, but more associations are found regarding the reasons for not reporting. Finally, the implications for policy are discussed.

Implementation of social capital as a key driver of behavioral economy formation (in ukrainian)

The article focuses on the study of theoretical and practical component, analysis of history and application of modern knowledge of the concept of "social capital" in the formation of new direction of economic science, which is a behavioral economy. The concepts of general issues, adoption of common and separate decisions are based on mutual trust and unified communications are taken into account. More important problems of the present time, such as poverty, quality of life, solidarity, consciousness of every citizen, are raised, revealing the problem of welfare not on the surface, but from the inside, analyzing the causes. Assessment and analysis of Happiness Index, interrelation and interaction between a lucky man and social capital was conducted. Such economic phenomena as economic consciousness and economic behaviour that can offer business and world politics confidently with their theories and knowledge were identified. Building and forming social capital in unlimited connections and relationships gives hope to finding ways of solving harmonious problems of economic, social and political nature, improving opportunities of rational component not only at the state level, but also at the level of each person. Studying the concept of ‘economic subject’, which is more complicated and not limited to the scope of rationality in decision-making, aggravates the extremely important need for closer definition and analysis of economic mechanisms for real human behaviour. In this aspect the behavioral economics helps us and allows understanding each person’s behaviour in different situations. All life areas of economic entities should be aimed at improving the living standards of the population, and it is impossible without public trust in the branches of government and business. The effectiveness of the modern competitive structure in the economy, using social capital, can revive the trust and confidence of each person.

Cognitive linguoecology as a methodological approach to the study of destructive communication

The article discusses the possibilities of applying the methodology of cognitive ecology to the agenda of destructive communication. Destructive communication is defined as a special type of interaction, which is based on a destructive communicative intention, which is in turn realized in a number of aggressive communicative actions. However, classifying destructive communication as an exclusively emotional type leaves open the question of the place and role of the rational component of destructiveness in communication. The article proves that it is cognitive ecology as a new direction of cognitive research that can offer a holistic and comprehensive approach to the study of destructive communication. As the main research method, the indicated approach includes a holistic analysis of both linguistic structures and social, situational, biological, i.e. non-verbal components, allowing us to understand the mechanisms underlying the destructive, i.e. ecologically irrelevant, communicative behavior. From the perspective of cognitive ecology, Russian-language situations of open and hidden destructive communication are analyzed in various types of discourse. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop a new interdisciplinary scientific direction – cognitive linguoecology, within which language will be considered as a specific tool that ensures the functioning of the entire cognitive system, which will make it possible to understand the mechanisms of ecological behavior of the human being as its subject.

LOGICAL AND RATIONAL COMPONENT OF MODERN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

The formation of a new historical type of personality requires appropriate changes in the content of education, means of the set tasks’ implementation and the organization of the education system itself. Achieving this goal is impossible without the formation of a high intellectual culture of a person and the ability of the individual to its further continuous improvement. However, nowadays the role and place of cultural and anthropological factors, as well as logical and rational ones, are often underestimated in the modernization process of the society. The proposed article emphasizes the need to reveal the role of logical and rational component as a necessary part of the modern educational process and the way to improve mental culture through education. It is noted that the level of modern culture of thinking, rational reasoning, the ability to conduct constructive dialogues has fallen significantly. The inability and unwillingness of many members of society to analyze situations critically, lack of skills to express their opinions consistently and reasonably, to persuade their fellow citizens in a rational and logical way can lead to barbarism. The results of hours’ reduction in logic disciplines at the University are given. This fact is reflected in the inability of students to establish the relationship of genus and species, causal relationships between objects and phenomena, to make classifications. The need for logic knowledge, which helps to identify false information, to reveal logical errors, is indicated. Emphasis is placed on the importance of high appreciation of rationality. It has its origins in antiquity and finds its expression in ancient philosophy. Ancient philosophers proceeded from the fact that the world can be comprehended only with the help of reason and rational methods, based on the power of persuasion, thought. The role of language as a cultural phenomenon is emphasized. Cultural phenomenon in combination with consciousness, mental and cognitive processes is impossible without the rational use of the laws of logic.