Consensus, Compassion, and Compromise? The First Step Act and Aging Out of Crime

The passage of the First Step (Act) represents an ambitious, bipartisan compromise to commence much-needed, genuine federal sentencing reform. However, as its name suggests, it is, in practice, simply one meager stride in what requires a marathon to affect true change. Its improvements fail to achieve the status of “groundbreaking.” This is particularly evident when considering its approach to reduction in sentence of elderly offenders. Since 2013, compassionate release has stood as the exclusive process available for worthy elderly offenders to request early release from prison. While the Act certainly expands access to compassionate release, it fails to do so generously. The Bureau of Prisons (BOP) continues to craft and preserve implementation guidelines that render compassionate release policies ineffective. The Act also revives the Second Chance Act of 2007 by providing a vehicle for early release of certain classes of elderly offenders. While this reauthorization appears appealing, it, too, fails to realize its full potential. This is so because BOP has again apprehended the system by refusing to include good time credits in release eligibility calculations. While the Act is a product of deliberate compromise between lawmakers, consensus concerning its practical application is non-existent.

Introdução a história da educação especial

INTRODUÇÃO: Esse trabalho, propôs-se a realizar um breve levantamento sobre a História da Educação Especial e Inclusão em épocas e contextos diferentes: tempos primitivos, idade média, moderna, contemporânea…A história através da literatura, nos traz algumas revelações. No Egito antigo, por exemplo, há mais de cinco mil anos, muitas pessoas com deficiências, faziam parte da classe privilegiada: faraós, nobres, altos funcionários, artesãos, agricultores, e até escravos. As artes egípcias, deixam claras essas informações, sejam pelas construções (pirâmides), túmulos, múmias…MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Embasamos e fundamentamos nosso estudo, em bibliografias, audição de entrevistas, ¨sites¨, etc. RESULTADOS e DISCUSSÃO: O processo inclusivo-exclusivo, há muito existe e continua sendo temas de ¨combates¨, nos campos: dialógico (Freire) bem como nos debates legalistas dos três poderes: Executivo, Legislativo, Judiciário (políticos jurídicos). Agradecimento: SobreTudo: Deus. Família. Àqueles que direta e/ou indiretamente contribuem a cada dia no processo de aprendizagem-ensino-aprendizagem. À Adm Predial/FE/Unicamp, pelo apoio. Ao VI SIMTEC/GGBS por mais essa oportunidade. Conclusão: Percebe-se no entanto, como relata Odom e Diamond (1998, p. 5), ̈não há uma definição comum sobre inclusão ̈. Dentre os pontos positivos: as discussões/reflexões relacionadas ao processo inclusivo, têm despertado a atenção da sociedade para a importância de pôr em prática os direitos dessa população, por séculos negados. Referências: SANTOS, Z.A., PATEIS. A.L. - Anais do IV SIMTEC - Simpósio de Profissionais da Unicamp: Conhecimento e experiência: reconhecendo fronteiras e construindo pontes. Título: Acessibilidade e a pessoa com deficiência: qual o seu olhar? 6 e 7 de novembro de 2012. Campinas, SP.Abstract: Introduction: This work proposed to carry out a brief survey on the Special Education and Inclusion&";s History in different times and contexts: primitive times, middle ages, modern ages, contemporary ages... The history through literature bring us some revelations. In the Ancient Egypt, for example, more than 5,000 years ago, many people with disabilities were part of the privileged class: pharaohs, nobles, high officials, artisans, farmers, and even slaves. The Egyptian arts make this information clear, whether by buildings (pyramids), tombs, mummies... MATERIALS AND METHODS. We based and grounded our study in bibliographies, interview listening, websites, etc. RESULTS and DISCUSSION: The inclusive-exclusive process exists for a long time and keep on being topic of "fights" in fields: dialogic (Freire) as well as the legalistic debates of three powers: Executive, Legislative, Judiciary (legal politics). Thank You: Especially: God. Family. To those who directly and/or indirectly contribute every day to the learning-teaching-learning process. To building administration/FE/Unicamp, by the support. To VI SIMTEC/GGBS for one more opportunity. Conclusion: We can observe, though, as reported by Odom and Diamond (1998, page 5), "there is no common definition about inclusion". Among the positive points: the discussions/reflections related to the inclusive process have awakened the society&";s attention for the importance of putting into practice this population&";s rights, denied for centuries. References: SANTOS, Z.A., PATEIS. A.L. - Anais do IV SIMTEC - Simpósio de Profissionais da Unicamp: Conhecimento e experiência: reconhecendo fronteiras e construindo pontes. Título: Acessibilidade e a pessoa com deficiência: qual o seu olhar? November 6-7, 2012. Campinas, SP.Keywords: SPECIAL EDUCATION HISTORY/INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION/EDUCATIVE PRACTICES

Substrate Directed Regioselective Monobromination of Aralkyl Ketones Using N-Bromosuccinimide Catalysed by Active Aluminium Oxide: α-Bromination versus Ring Bromination

Bromination of aralkyl ketones using N-bromosuccinimide in presence of active Al2O3 provided either α-monobrominated products in methanol at reflux or mononuclear brominated products in acetonitrile at reflux temperature with excellent isolated yields depending on the nature of substrate employed. The α-bromination was an exclusive process when aralkyl ketones containing moderate activating/deactivating groups were subjected to bromination under acidic Al2O3 conditions in methanol at reflux while nuclear functionalization was predominant when aralkyl ketones containing high activating groups were utilized for bromination in presence of neutral Al2O3 conditions in acetonitrile at reflux temperature. In addition, easy isolation of products, use of inexpensive catalyst, short reaction time (10–20 min), and safe operational practice are the major benefits in the present protocol.

CROSS-SECTION FOR DOUBLE CHARMONIUM PRODUCTION IN ELECTRON–POSITRON ANNIHILATION AT ENERGY $\sqrt{s} = 10.6 {\rm GeV}$

In this work we study the process e++e-→J/Ψ+ηc at energy [Formula: see text] observed recently at B-factories whose measurements were made by Babar and Belle groups. We calculate the cross-section for this process in the Bethe–Salpeter formalism under Covariant Instantaneous Anstaz. To simplify our calculation, the heavy quark approximation is employed in the quark and gluon propagators. In the exclusive process of e+e- annihilation into two heavy quarkonia, the cross-section calculated in this scenario is compatible with the experimental data of Babar and Belle.

CAUSALITY VIOLATION IN NONLOCAL QUANTUM FIELD THEORY

We study the causality violation in the nonlocal ϕ4-theory (as formulated by Kleppe and Woodard) containing a finite mass scale Λ. Starting from the Bogoliubov–Shirkov criterion for causality, we construct and study combinations of S-matrix elements that signal violation of causality in the one-loop approximation. We find that the causality violation in the exclusive process ϕ+ϕ→ϕ+ϕ grows with energy, but the growth with energy, (for low to moderate energies) is suppressed to all orders compared to what one would expect purely from dimensional considerations. We however find that the causality violation in other processes such as ϕ+ϕ→ϕ+ϕ+ϕ+ϕ grows with energy as expected from dimensional considerations at low to moderate energies. For high enough energies comparable to the mass scale Λ, however, we find a rapid (exponential-like) growth in the degree of causality violation. We suggest a scenario, based on an earlier work, that will enable one to evade a large theoretical causality violation at high energies, should it be unobserved experimentally.

BETWEEN EMPIRE AND HOME TOWN: NAPOLEONIC RULE ON THE RHINE, 1799–1814

The two decades of French rule in the German-speaking Rhineland at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries witnessed the dramatic imposition of the sovereign state on a region previously noted for its absence. The successful integration of the new territories into the Republic and Empire depended upon the response of Rhenish elites to the transformation of local government from an accumulation of historical privileges into the lowest administrative tier of the state. Napoleon, more than his revolutionary predecessors, recognized the importance of ‘rallying’ the ‘notables’ in what was a politically inclusive and socially exclusive process. This policy was successful insofar as elites did, in general, rally. Their motivation varied, and the commitment was rarely unconditional. Rhenish notables, long adept at exploiting Old Regime institutions to preserve particular privileges, abused Napoleonic institutions, in order to protect clients and preserve their social position. This helped widen the gulf between the mainly urban notables and the rest of the predominantly rural population, which had fewer legal and institutionalized opportunities for asserting its interests directly. This system of rule proved suited to Rhenish conditions until the rise of party politics in the second half of the nineteenth century.