The Impact of PbF2-Based Glasses on Radiation Shielding and Mechanical Concepts: An Extensive Theoretical and Monte Carlo Simulation Study

This work aimed to investigate the impact of Lead-fluoride based glasses via theoretical and simulation techniques on mechanical and radiation shielding parameters. Accordingly, a glass composition PbF2 blended with TeO2-B2O3-Bi2O3 glasses were synthesised by using melt-quenching method. Using Fluka Monte Carlo code, the radiation shielding properties have measured. Moreover. Comparatively higher density PbF80= 6.163g/cm3 with 80 mol % Bi2O3, greater µ, µm and Zeff and lower T1/2, l, tenth value layer values achieved for TeO2-B2O3-Bi2O3/PbF2 glass pointed it out as the best shield of gamma. Besides, the computed effective removal cross-sections against fast neutrons (ΣR) observed that the PbF80 sample has commensurately greater with value 5.2954 (cm-1) The results observed that the variation Bi2O3/PbF2 improves the gamma protection ability of Lead-fluoride based glasses. The longitudinal modulus-L, shear modulus-S, bulk modulus-K, and Young’s modulus-Y raised from 15.89 to 25.9 -GPa, from 8.49 to 12.09 -GPa, from 4.58 to 9.77 -GPa, and from 15.74 to 25.69 -GPa, respectively. The results indicate that the highest Bi2O3/PbF2 ratio encoded PbF80 has the best shielding and mechanical competence with measurable physical properties.

KET 02: An electron and ion telescope for an interstellar mission

<p>The recent AMS 02 measurements show that the very local interstellar spectra (VLIS) for galactic cosmic rays cannot be directly measured at the Earth below rigidities of 40-60 GV because of solar modulation. With Voyager 1and Voyager II crossing the heliopause in 2012 and 2018, in situ experimental LIS data below 100 MeV/nuc constrain computed galactic CR spectra. However, the energy spectra in between can so far only be derived by models. This gap could be narrowed by flying an instrument like the The COsmic and Solar Particle INvestigation Kiel Electron Telescope (COSPIN/KET) that measured protons and alpha-particles in the energy range from about 4 to above 2000 MeV/n and electrons in the range up to 10 GeV in distinguished energy channels. Such a telescope would consist of two parts: 1) an entrance telescope of two semiconductors comprising a silica-aerogel Cherenkov detector with a refractive index of 1.066, selecting particles with speeds v/c = b > 0.938, and 2) a calorimeter, a lead-fluoride Cherenkov detector followed by a scintillation detector measuring escaping particles.</p>