The Marginalization of Women in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Novel: A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Sara Mills' Critical Discourse Analysis in Midah the Sweet Tooth of the Gold Novel, Larasati and the Beach Girl

This research is motivated by the many cases of marginalization found in women's themed novels written by one of the maestro of Indonesian literature, Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The novels written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer are known to often raise social problems that occurred at that time, including cases of marginalization of women. Midah Si Manis Bergigi Emas, Larasti and Gadis Pantai are several novels by Pramoedya Ananta Toer which tell the life journey of women as the main characters. The many forms of marginalization of rights experienced by women in these novels become something interesting for researchers. The purpose of this research is to uncover the representation of women's marginalization that occurs in the novels by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The research method used is Sara Mills' critical discourse analysis which has been developed by Eryanto. Sara Mills' Critical Discourse Analysis emphasizes her study on the positioning of actors in the text or what is generally known as the subject-object position and the writer-reader position, however, the focus of this research is the subject-object position. The data collection technique used is literature study and documentation. The results of this study indicate that in the novel Midah Si Manis Bergigi Emas, Larasati, Gadis Pantai written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, there are several forms of marginalization experienced by female characters in the novel. In addition to getting marginal treatment, the female character in the novel is also positioned as an object in the storytelling.

Development of laboratory devices for real-time measurement of object 3D position using stereo cameras

Measuring the 3D position at any time of a given object in real-time automatically and well documented to understand a physical phenomenon is essential. Exploring a stereo camera in developing 3D images is very intriguing since a 3D image perception generated by a stereo image may be reprojected back to generate a 3D object position at a specific time. This research aimed to develop a device and measure the 3D object position in real-time using a stereo camera. The device was constructed from a stereo camera, tripod, and a mini-PC. Calibration was carried out for position measurement in X, Y, and Z directions based on the disparity in the two images. Then, a simple 3D position measurement was carried out based on the calibration results. Also, whether the measurement was in real-time was justified. By applying template matching and triangulation algorithms on those two images, the object position in the 3D coordinate was calculated and recorded automatically. The disparity resolution characteristic of the stereo camera was obtained varied from 132 pixels to 58 pixels for an object distance to the camera from 30 cm to 70 cm. This setup could measure the 3D object position in real-time with an average delay time of less than 50 ms, using a notebook and a mini-PC. The 3D position measurement can be performed in real-time along with automatic documentation. Upon the stereo camera specifications used in this experiment, the maximum accuracy of the measurement in X, Y, and Z directions are ΔX = 0.6 cm, ΔY = 0.2 cm, and ΔZ = 0.8 cm at the measurement range of 30 cm–60 cm. This research is expected to provide new insights in the development of laboratory tools for learning physics, especially mechanics in schools and colleges.

ALGORITHMS FOR OBJECT POSITION MONITORING ON THE SEA SURFACE USING MONOCULAR VIDEO CAMERA

The article proposes new algorithms for estimating the coordinates of objects (both linear and angular) relative to the coordinate system related to the video camera. A two-step algorithm is proposed. At the first stage, the processing of images coming from the camera is performed – the selection of an area be-longing to the sea surface in the image, the detection and video tracking of objects, the determination of azimuth and elevation angles from the obtained images. Our approach is based on the representation of elevation and azimuth angles in the form of non-stationary autoregression models, recurrent estimation of their parameters and subsequent estimation of the object coordinates.

Monocular 3D Object Detection Based on Uncertainty Prediction of Keypoints

Three-dimensional (3D) object detection is an important task in the field of machine vision, in which the detection of 3D objects using monocular vision is even more challenging. We observe that most of the existing monocular methods focus on the design of the feature extraction framework or embedded geometric constraints, but ignore the possible errors in the intermediate process of the detection pipeline. These errors may be further amplified in the subsequent processes. After exploring the existing detection framework of keypoints, we find that the accuracy of keypoints prediction will seriously affect the solution of 3D object position. Therefore, we propose a novel keypoints uncertainty prediction network (KUP-Net) for monocular 3D object detection. In this work, we design an uncertainty prediction module to characterize the uncertainty that exists in keypoint prediction. Then, the uncertainty is used for joint optimization with object position. In addition, we adopt position-encoding to assist the uncertainty prediction, and use a timing coefficient to optimize the learning process. The experiments on our detector are conducted on the KITTI benchmark. For the two levels of easy and moderate, we achieve accuracy of 17.26 and 11.78 in AP3D, and achieve accuracy of 23.59 and 16.63 in APBEV, which are higher than the latest method KM3D.

Reactivation of unaccusative and unergative verbs in Mandarin

Intransitives can be classified into two subclasses: unaccusative verbs and unergative verbs. According to the Unaccusative Hypothesis, the difference between unaccusatives and unergatives lies in where the single argument is generated in the underlying syntactic structure. Subjects of unaccusative verbs are base-generated in the object position and moved to the subject positions. Subjects of unergative verbs, however, are external and thus are not resulted from arguments moving from the object position. If the Unaccusative Hypothesis is correct, a trace is left at the original place for unaccusative verbs when movement occurs but no trace for unergative verbs. Friedmann et al. (2008) used the cross-modal lexical priming paradigm to examine the Unaccusative Hypothesis but their results could only lend limited support for the Unaccusative Hypothesis. Since the argument of Mandarin unaccusative verbs can occur preverbally and postverbally, it offers us a balanced testing ground to re-examine reactivation during sentence comprehension. Results of the current study lend support for the Unaccusative Hypothesis. When the argument occurred preverbally, a V-shaped line was observed. An inverted V-shaped line was observed when the argument occurred postverbally. For unergative verbs, the line showed a decay of reactivation.

Strange nominative case in topicalized object pronominal relative clauses

In an online production experiment, we investigated the effect of sentence position on the preference for either a nominative or object form of an object pronoun restricted by a relative clause in Dutch. Results show a significant preference for the nominative form of the restricted object pronoun in sentence-initial position as it was chosen in 95% of the cases. In the original object position this percentage is only 20%. The preference for a nominative pronominal object is considered a grammatical norm violation. We account for this in terms of a combination of two factors. First, the presence of the relative clause makes the object ‘long’. Second, the sentence-initial position is a syntactic position that is relatively far removed from the original object position. We argue that when a long object is topicalized, there are too many intervening elements between the pronoun and the verb of which it is the complement. If the distance between the pronominal object and the verb has become too long, the object case fades from the working memory. This then results in the appearance of nominative case as the default case for topicalized object pronominal relative clauses in Dutch.

Differential object marking in Modern Hebrew: from definiteness to partitivity

This paper investigates the change in differential object marking (DOM) currently exhibited in Modern Hebrew. To date, the consensus in the theoretical literature on Hebrew has been that the object marker 'et' is only licensed in the context of definite DPs. We observe, however, that in Modern Hebrew partitive indefinite DPs may also be preceded by 'et'. Here, we experimentally investigate this change in the distribution of 'et'. Using a judgment task, we asked 41 native Hebrew-speaking adults to rate sentences with 'et'-marked indefinite object DPs on a 5-point acceptability scale. Our results reveal that partitive items received a considerably high acceptance score, with an overall average of 3.6/5. In addition, we found a main effect for object-position and quantifier-type. In particular, acceptability of 'et'-marked partitives increased significantly for topicalized DPs and for DPs that contained proportional quantifiers (as opposed to cardinals). These data support the analysis of 'et' as a DOM marker. We propose that Modern Hebrew is currently undergoing a process of change, whereby the distribution of its object marker is shifting in the direction of the Turkish DOM pattern, along the Definiteness Scale proposed by Aissen (2003). Further, the Hebrew facts provide novel evidence for the relevance of this scale not only in a synchronic, but also in a diachronic investigation of DOM. Moreover, they point to a special status of partitivity among specific DPs, suggesting that it should be distinguished as a separate category on the Definiteness Scale.

Object case variation of the pronoun mis ‘what’ in spontaneous spoken Estonian and Estonian dialects

The Estonian language makes a systematic distinction between total and partial objects on the basis of semantic and syntactic features: total objects occur in nominative or genitive, partial objects in partitive. However, in the case of the interrogative-relative pronoun mis ‘what’, the partitive mida in the expected partial object position can be replaced with the nominative mis. The aim of this paper is to determine which variables significantly affect this object case variation, how the variation differs between contemporary speech and archaic dialects and what might have possibly motivated the development of this variation. This study is based on the data in the Phonetic Corpus of Estonian Spontaneous Speech and the Corpus of Estonian Dialects. The results show that the variation is most affected by verb type, clause type, length of the following word and dialect. It is concluded that there might be multiple motivations behind this variation, mainly language contact (or a lack of it in certain areas), high usage frequency of the pronoun mis and the effect of the standardisation of language. Kokkuvõte. Hanna Pook: Pronoomeni mis käände varieerumine objekti positsioonis spontaanses eesti keeles ja eesti murretes. Eesti keeles eristatakse täis- ja osasihitist mitmete semantiliste ja süntaktilise tunnuste põhjal; täissihitis on nominatiivis või genitiivis, osasihitis partitiivis. Relatiiv-interrogatiivpronoomeni mis puhul võib aga oodatud osasihitise positsioonis asendada partitiivi mida nominatiiviga mis. Selle artikli eesmärk on välja selgitada, millised tunnused mõjutavad oluliselt pronoomeni mis objekti käände varieerumist, kuidas see varieerumine erineb vanemates kohamurretes ja tänapäevases spontaanses kõnes ning mis on selle varieerumise võimalikud põhjused ja mõjurid. Analüüs põhineb eesti keele spontaanse kõne foneetilisel korpusel ja eesti murrete korpusel. Tulemused näitavad, et mis ja mida varieerumist osaobjekti positsioonis mõjutavad kõige enam verbitüüp, lausetüüp, järgneva sõna silpide arv ja murre. On tõenäoline, et pronoomeni mis käände varieerumine on korraga olnud mõjutatud mitmest tegurist, peamiselt keelekontaktidest (või kontaktivähesusest teatud piirkondades), pronoomeni mis suurest kasutussagedusest ja keele standardiseerimisest.

The negation of cualquier NP

Even though the interpretation of Free Choice Items such as any has been on debate for more than 50 years (Vendler, 1974, Dayal, 1998, Horn, 2000, etc.), it is relatively more recent in Spanish (Menéndez-Benito, 2005, Giannakidou and Quer, 2013, among others). Some have analyzed it as a universal quantifier, neither taking its free choiceness into account nor contexts which seem to be problematic for the universal account (see, for instance, Etxepare and Uribe-Etxebarria, 2011). In this article, we defend that cualquier is a universal indeterminate pronoun which involves freedom of choice (as in the original proposal by Vendler, 1974). We will take into account data (taken from https://www.corpusdelespanol.org/web-dial) which has not been properly considered. We will analyze the interaction of negation and cualquier in Rioplantese Spanish in the subject position of negative generic statements, in the object position in negative episodic statements, and in a non argumental position. We will combine an alternative semantics approach to the analysis of the FCI cualquier, inspired in Menéndez-Benito (2010) and Aloni (2019), with a syntactic approach to negation inspired in Etxepare and Uribe-Etxebarria (2011).