The Marginalization of Women in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Novel: A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Sara Mills' Critical Discourse Analysis in Midah the Sweet Tooth of the Gold Novel, Larasati and the Beach Girl

This research is motivated by the many cases of marginalization found in women's themed novels written by one of the maestro of Indonesian literature, Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The novels written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer are known to often raise social problems that occurred at that time, including cases of marginalization of women. Midah Si Manis Bergigi Emas, Larasti and Gadis Pantai are several novels by Pramoedya Ananta Toer which tell the life journey of women as the main characters. The many forms of marginalization of rights experienced by women in these novels become something interesting for researchers. The purpose of this research is to uncover the representation of women's marginalization that occurs in the novels by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The research method used is Sara Mills' critical discourse analysis which has been developed by Eryanto. Sara Mills' Critical Discourse Analysis emphasizes her study on the positioning of actors in the text or what is generally known as the subject-object position and the writer-reader position, however, the focus of this research is the subject-object position. The data collection technique used is literature study and documentation. The results of this study indicate that in the novel Midah Si Manis Bergigi Emas, Larasati, Gadis Pantai written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, there are several forms of marginalization experienced by female characters in the novel. In addition to getting marginal treatment, the female character in the novel is also positioned as an object in the storytelling.

Study of Feminism and Women's Existence in the Novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer

Women are so close to idioms such as adversity, oppression, even to the "concept" that is already accepted by most people, that they are "objects" not "subjects" for men. Gender inequality is manifested in various forms of injustice that occur at various levels of society. This study aims to analyze the personality of the female characters, the gender injustice experienced by the female characters, and the value of character education contained in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This study uses a qualitative descriptive technique. The object of this research is the meaning of the existence of women in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, a review of feminist literary criticism. The data in the research are in the form of dialogues, paragraphs, and narrations contained in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, the data shows that the author describes several female characters who experience gender bias treatment, namely Nyai Ontosoroh, Annelies, Maiko, Min Hwa, and Sie-sie. The novel Bumi Manusia tends to use socialist feminism. Gender injustice experienced by female characters is the marginalization of women, subordination of women, stereotypes of women, violence against women, and double workload against women.

Pramoedya Ananta Toer di Bawah Cahaya Claude Levi-Strauss: Analisis Struktural Roman Arok-Dedes

Sebuah roman sejarah pada dasarnya adalah mitos dan legenda yang memakai baju modern. Roman sejarah ini tidak hanya menarik dari segi teknik bertuturnya, tapi juga isi dan pesannya yang menantang untuk dibedah dengan pisau analisis struktural seperti yang dikembangkan oleh Claude Levi-Strauss. Arok-Dedes mengisahkan peristiwa kudeta pertama dalam sejarah Nusantara. Pramoedya merajut struktur narasi atau relasi penceritaannya berdasarkan kecenderungan ideologi yang dianutnya. Tokoh-tokoh yang terlibat dalam pertikaian yang berlangsung menurut oposisi biner. Misalnya, oposisi Tunggul Ametung yang sudra-satria dengan kaum brahmana dimediasi oleh Ken Arok yang sudra-satria-brahmana. Perspektif itu tampaknya sejalan dengan pandangan Levi-Strauss tentang mitos. Menurutnya, setiap mitos merupakan suatu upaya mengingat kembali hal-hal yang telah lewat. Lebih dari itu, keberadaan mitos dalam suatu masyarakat adalah dalam rangka mengatasi atau memecahkan berbagai kontradiksi empiris yang tidak terpahami atau terpecahkan oleh nalar manusia.

SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF DEMI-MONDAINE AND NYAI IN FRENCH AND INDONESIAN NOVELS

One of the interesting themes but not widely featured in Indonesian and French literatures in the 19th and 20th centuries is nyai and demi-mondaine. Both have a similar meaning, namely the mistress of a man from the upper-middle class. This study looks at the exclusions that occur in the lives of nyai and demi-mondaine in an Indonesian novel titled Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and a French novel titled La Dame aux Camélias by Alexandre Dumas (philosophers). The analysis was carried out using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis approach to examine the exclusion process in the two novels, which describes the realities that occur in society. This study found that the mistresses are excluded primarily through labeling and stereotyping. Despite the exclusion from the discourse of ‘honor’ in society, the mistresses find their own way of surviving in a society that does not like them.Salah satu tema menarik namun tidak banyak ditampilkan dalam karya sastra Indonesia dan Prancis di abad 19 dan 20 adalah kehidupan nyai dan demi-monde. Keduanya memiliki pengertian yang hampir serupa, yakni perempuan simpanan dari seorang laki-laki kelas menengah ke atas. Sikap masyarakat yang cenderung merendahkan mereka dapat dipandang sebagai proses eksklusi. Penelitian ini menelusuri bagaimana ekslusi yang terjadi dalam kehidupan nyai dan courtesan di Indonesia dan Prancis seperti yang ada pada novel Bumi Manusia karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer dan novel La Dame aux Camélias karya Alexandre Dumas (fils). Analisis dilakukan dengan metode analisis wacana kritis dari Fairclough untuk melihat proses eksklusi di kedua novel tersebut, yang merupakan gambaran dari realita yang terjadi di masyarakat. Penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa proses eksklusi paling banyak terjadi melalui labelling dan stereotyping. Meski demikian, para perempuan simpanan yang mengalami eksklusi dari wacana ‘kehormatan’ di masyarakat memiliki cara sendiri untuk bertahan di tengah masyarakat yang tidak menyukai mereka.

THE STYLES OF JAVANESE POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S NOVEL AROK DEDES

The research is focused on the styles of Javanese political leadership revealed in the novel Arok Dedes written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The Javanese leadership style is a cultural heritage and deserves to be maintained and revitalized and to be adjusted to the changing of times. Javanese people live side by side in harmony with cultural norms and values and lifestyle becomes an ethnic identity. The objectives are to find styles and how the styles of Javanese political leadership are revealed in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s novel Arok Dedes. A theory of Javanese leadership style, with its slogan of 5Ms is used a base and the whole research is conducted by means of descriptive qualitative method revealing the individual personality. The results show that the 5Ms of style are found in the novel: 1) melek/awas (awareness), 2) melik (sense of ownership), 3) muluk (poverty solution, 4) melok (aspiration realization), and 5) meluk (accomodation), all of which are performed by a leader of Tumapel district, named Ken Arok.

The Gender Discrimination in Indonesian Literature Works: A Case Study of Translation

Background: Although many kinds of research on gender discrimination have been made, empirical research on this matter under the perspective of translation technique is still rare. Therefore, this present research aimed to study gender discrimination in three novels authored by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and how gender discrimination is translated into English. Methodology: This case study was applied in three novels written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Anak Semua Bangsa, Rumah Kaca, and Jejak Langkah. The data were collected through observations and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings: The results showed that gender discrimination in the three novels was subordination, stereotype, marginalization, workload, and violence. Gender discrimination is translated using established equivalence, explicitation, modulation, paraphrase, implicitation, addition, transposition, reduction, compensation, discursive creation, pure borrowing, deletion, generalization, and particularization. Conclusion: This research reveals that gender discrimination is a phenomenon that commonly occurs in the world community. The research implications are also discussed either empirically or practically at the end of this article.

Model Komunikasi Bisnis Jual Beli Buku Melalui Komunikasi Interpersonal dan Komunitas Grup Facebook

Transaksi jual beli terjadi akibat adanya pertukaran pesan dan informasi dalam pemenuhankebutuhan manusia juga dapat dikatakan sebagian dari aktifitas manusia dalam berkomunikasibisnis. Komunikasi bisnis telah merambah setiap bidang termasuk didalam jual beli buku secaraonline termasuk media sosial Facebook. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui model komunikasi bisnisyang dilancarkan oleh penjual buku sebagai komunikator dan pembeli buku sebagai komunikandisertai Facebook sebagai media pemasaran. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian berupa observasi nonpartisipan ataupun partisipan yang diketahui buku yang dijual beli online dibagi secara garis besarmenjadi tiga kategori jenis yaitu buku baru (cetakan baru/teks ajar), buku bekas(seken/tekspelajaran), buku langka/antik (antique/rare). Sedangkan berdasarkan hasil wawancarasecara mendalam bahwa model komunikasi bisnis serta pemasaran melalui Facebook dapatdikatakan masing-masing penjual dan pembeli buku memanfaatkan jejaring pertemanan(friendlist) secara komunikasi interpersonal dan komunikasi kelompok (komunitas grup ) yangmemiliki kesamaan hobi mengkoleksi kedua kategori jenis buku diatas secara mutualfriend. Secaraberjejaring sosial setiap anggota pertemanan atau komunitas grup hidup berdampingan dalamkomunikasi bisnis dengan menerapkan strategi postingan berupa foto dalam menawarkan bukumelalui judul, dan kesamaan hobby untuk mengkoleksi buku untuk diperjual-belikankembali,sedangkan tema yang kerap dicari dan tampil laku pada wall postingan penjual bukuadalah buku tentang : Pramoedya Ananta Toer (PAT) kategori sastra, ideologi (buku kiri), militer,sejarah, agama, politik, ekonomi,hukum, sosial dan budaya serta buku bacaan hobi seperti : komikdan novel

PANDANGAN HIDUP WANITA JAWA DALAM NOVEL MIDAH SI MANIS BERGIGI EMAS KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER

This study aims to describe a Javanese woman's view of life which consists of (1) human relationship with God, (2) relationship with fellow human beings, and (3) relationship with oneself. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method, the approach used in this study is the sociology of literature. The source of the research data is the novel ‘Midah si Manis Bergigi Emas’ by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The data in this study are in the form of story units and quotes in the novel that show the Javanese women's view of life. Data collection techniques are (a) read carefully and repeatedly, (b) identify, (c) record or code, (d) check or select, and (e) enter data. According to Miles and Huberman, the data analysis used in this study includes (a) data reduction, (b) data presentation, (c) conclusion drawing. The results of the study show (1) human relationships with God include eling (remember), pracaya (believe), mituhu (obedient or obedient to Him), (2) human relationships with fellow humans include wedi (fear), isin (shame), and shy (polite respect for superiors or strangers), and (3) human relations with oneself such as nerimo (accepting). Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan pandangan hidup wanita Jawa yang terdiri dari (1) hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan, (2) hubungan dengan sesama manusia, dan (3) hubungan dengan diri sendiri. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sosiologi sastra. Sumber data penelitian berupa novel Midah si Manis Bergigi Emas karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Data dalam penelitian berupa satuan cerita dan kutipan-kutipan dalam novel yang menunjukkan pandangan hidup wanita Jawa. Teknik pengumpulan data, yaitu (a) membaca secara cermat dan berulang-ulang, (b) mengidentifikasi, (c) mencatat atau memberi kode, (d) memeriksa atau menyeleksi, dan (e) memasukan data. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menurut Miles dan Huberman yang meliputi (a) reduksi data, (b) penyajian data, (c) penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menujukkan (1) hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan meliputi eling (ingat), pracaya (percaya), mituhu (patuh atau taat kepada-Nya), (2) hubungan manusia dengan sesama manusia meliputi wedi (takut), isin (malu), dan sungkan (rasa hormat yang sopan terhadap atasan atau sesama yang belum dikenal), dan (3) hubungan manusia dengan diri sendiri seperti nerimo (menerima).

Social Stratification on This Earth of Mankind by Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Novel

This Earth of Mankind by Pramoedya Ananta Toer is a historical novel about Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. This paper was aimed to find and describe the social stratification in the past that is written in the This Earth Mankind novel. This paper carried out with only one research question: How is social stratification of This Earth Mankind by Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Novel?. This paper was qualitative research, specifically in document analysis. The main source of this paper was This Earth of Mankind, the 9th edition publishes by Hasta Mitra in 2002. The total page of this novel was 405. In addition, secondary sources are also needed such as online information about the writer and previous researcher who has been conducted similar research. This paper found that there were three social classes of society in the Dutch era, the Dutch group with privilege, enjoyed the lavish life, and live comfortably. The Native group with privilege, who was born from regent or governor, they can attend education where Dutch and Indo attended to such as E.L.S and H.B.S and the last, native group without privilege, they had low status in the society.

Transformasi Novel Perburuan Karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer ke Dalam Film Garapan Sutradara Richard Oh: Kajian Alih Wahana

This research based on thinking of creativity in Art has not only limited to the new art but also it has done by changing the art to the other media. In the research context ,the creativity is done by changing the art to the extranation. This research is for describing the form of Perburuan novels transformations and the artistic damage of Perburuan film, directed by Ricard Oh. The focus of the study was the transformation of elements in the ecranisation process of Perburuan novel, including 1) characters and characterizations, 2) plot, 3) settings, 4) themes, 5) storytelling style, and 6) the damage of the changing for film aesthetic. The research shows that the transformation from Perburuan novels to film can make some changes, such as subtraction, addition, and variety changing which gives some aesthetics damages of films and this study is based on the idea that creativity in the literature realm is not only about creating new works but also can be performed on old works by making appropriate transformations and not violating ethics. Keywords: transformation, Perburuan novel, ecranisation Abstrak: Penelitian ini didasari pemikiran bahwa kreativitas dalam ranah sastra tidak hanya terbatas pada penciptaan karya sastra baru, tetapi juga dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan pengubahan karya sastra ke dalam media lain. Dalam konteks penelitian ini kreativitas dilakukan dengan mengubah karya sastra ke dalam film melalui proses ekranisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan bentuk-bentuk transformasi novel Perburuan dan dampak artistiknya dalam film Perburuan garapan sutradara Richard Oh. Fokus penelitian ini adalah perubahan unsur-unsur novel Perburuan, yang meliputi 1) tokoh dan penokohan, 2) alur, 3) latar, 4) tema, 5) gaya bercerita, dan 6) dampak perubahan itu terhadap estetika film. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa transformasi dari novel Perburuan ke film mengalami beberapa perubahan berupa penciutan, penambahan, dan perubahan bervariasi, yang secara keseluruhan memberi dampak estetika terhadap film serta didasari oleh pemikiran bahwa kreativitas dalam ranah sastra tidak hanya pada penciptaan karya baru, tetapi juga dapat dilakukan pada karya lama dengan melakukan pengubahan yang sesuai dan tidak melanggar etika. Kata kunci: transformasi, novel Perburuan, ekranisasi