Tetanus in Animals — Summary of Knowledge

Tetanus is a neurologic non-transmissible disease (often fatal) of humans and other animals with a worldwide occurrence. Clostridium tetani is the spore producing bacillus which causes the bacterial disease. In deep penetrating wounds the spores germinate and produce a toxin called tetanospasmin. The main characteristic sign of tetanus is a spastic paralysis. A diagnosis is usually based on the clinical signs because the detection in the wound and the cultivation of C. tetani is very difficult. Between animal species there is considerable variability in the susceptibility to the bacillus. The most sensitive animal species to the neurotoxin are horses. Sheep and cattle are less sensitive and tetanus in these animal species are less common. Tetanus in cats and dogs are rare and dogs are less sensitive than cats. Clinically two forms of tetanus have been recognized, i. e. localized and generalized. The available treatment is not specific because the toxin in neuronal cells cannot be accessed by antitoxin antibodies. The aim of the therapy is to: neutralise the unbound neurotoxin, inhibit C. tetani growth in the wound, and provide supportive care to mitigate the effects of the neurotoxin. The treatment is difficult with an unclear prognosis.

ON THE VARIABILITY OF SOMATIC PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN THE CHECHEN LANGUAGE

The article investigates variable somatic phraseological units of the Chechen language. Differentiation of terms and concepts "variability" and "alternativeness" is carried out. The variability including both usual, and occasional changes of component structure of phraseological units is considered in the article as characteristic sign of phraseological units. The language alternativeness of somatic phraseological units in the Chechen language exists on all levels of the language: phonetic, lexical, morphological, structural-syntactic. The greatest distribution in the Chechen language belongs to lexical options. The most frequent among them is the type of lexical alternativeness when the replaced components are the lexemes of the same semantic field. The ability of somatic phraseological units to enter the synonymic relations is considered to be the one of the obvious signs of consistency of somatic phraseology.

Worldviews of social existence (on the materials of the scientific heritage of European philosophers of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries)

The article considers a person as a unique spiritual being capable of choosing their own destiny and their value-semantic priorities. A characteristic sign of humanity of the era of development of Western non-classical philosophy is the presence of a new type of person in all spheres of social life. A new type of person is considered in the context of specific features and its differences from the philosophical classics. This state of affairs leads to the coexistence of opposing, almost incompatible value-semantic priorities and life orientations. The philosophical, psychological and cultural aspects of Friedrich Nietzsche’s work are taken as a basis.