Relative distribution analysis in Stata

In this article, I discuss the method of relative distribution analysis and present Stata software implementing various elements of the methodology. The relative distribution is the distribution of the relative ranks that the outcomes from one distribution take on in another distribution. The methodology can be used, for example, to compare the distribution of wages between men and women. The presented software, reldist, estimates the relative cumulative distribution and the relative density, as well as the relative polarization, divergence, and other summary measures of the relative ranks. It also provides functionality such as location and shape decompositions or covariate balancing. Statistical inference is implemented in terms of influence functions and supports estimation for complex samples.

Linear dichroism in few-photon ionization of laser-dressed helium

Ionization of laser-dressed atomic helium is investigated with focus on photoelectron angular distributions stemming from two-color multi-photon excited states. The experiment combines extreme ultraviolet (XUV) with infrared (IR) radiation, while the relative polarization and the temporal delay between the pulses can be varied. By means of an XUV photon energy scan over several electronvolts, we get access to excited states in the dressed atom exhibiting various binding energies, angular momenta, and magnetic quantum numbers. Furthermore, varying the relative polarization is employed as a handle to switch on and off the population of certain states that are only accessible by two-photon excitation. In this way, photoemission can be suppressed for specific XUV photon energies. Additionally, we investigate the dependence of the photoelectron angular distributions on the IR laser intensity. At our higher IR intensities, we start leaving the simple multi-photon ionization regime. The interpretation of the experimental results is supported by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation in a single-active-electron approximation. Graphic abstract

Composition Component or Conditional Component? A New Explanation on the Change of the Income Gap among Chinese Residents from the Perspective of Counterfactual

The income gap among residents is one of the important factors that restrict the development of economy and society. The emphasis of this study lies in investigating the reasons for the change of the income gap among Chinese residents. The Gini coefficient, a set of generalized entropy index and the relative polarization index are obtained on the data of CFPS. The results show that the income gap in China has been increasing year by year since 2012. Different from some ideas that components are the main factors affecting the change of income gap, the decomposition results show that the conditional components make the significant variation of income gap. This provides a new perspective to explain the causes of income gap changes. It may be necessary to increase the income of low-income groups and improve their status with dynamic assistance by stages and categories.

Long-Term Sour Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Anoxic Conditions

Coatings and cathodic protection of pipelines can fail leading to exposure of underlying steel substrate to environmental conditions. In Canada, these conditions are typically alkaline and can contain dissolved sulfides. Sulfides are known to accelerate corrosion of steel, however, the corrosion behavior may differ if a preformed oxide or oxyhydroxide is present on the steel surface. This study investigates the change in corrosion behavior of steel in anoxic alkaline conditions that is directly exposed to sulfide or has a preformed surface oxide. The electrochemical response (corrosion potential and polarization resistance) were monitored for 90 d and 120 d, while simultaneously monitoring the film composition and morphology by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. In the absence of a preformed oxide the mackinawite film was able to undergo anoxic aging to greigite and pyrite whereas the electrodes with a preformed film had only mackinawite present on the surface. The interconversion of mackinawite to greigite and pyrite lead to a higher relative polarization resistance than the electrode with the preformed oxide.

Polarization and the Nationalization of State Legislative Elections

The electoral fortunes of state parties are partly shaped by the positions adopted by national parties. This creates the potential dilemma: The position that is best for the national party might be too extreme for the electorate in some states. Some state parties attempt to address this problem by adopting more moderate positions than their national-level counterparts. We argue that the efficacy of state party moderation hinges on the degree of polarization at the national level. We develop theory and examine empirical evidence that higher relative polarization at the national level exacerbates the degree to which national party positions and loyalties determine outcomes in U.S. state elections. When relative national polarization is high, we find evidence that state legislative election outcomes are determined by states’ orientations toward the national parties rather than the positions taken by state legislative parties.

ON THE THEORY OF FIRST-ORDER PHASE TRANSITION IN ORDER-DISORDER FERROELECTRICS

Based on the Hamiltonian of the Ising model in a transverse field, we have considered the four-spin interaction which is responsible for the first-order phase transition observed in order-disorder ferroelectrics. Using the method of the retarded Green’s function we have determined the relative polarization, the spin-wave energy, the transverse and longitudinal damping. They are numerically calculated and discussed for different temperature and tunneling frequency values in the cases of first- and second-order phase transitions.

Polarisationsgradspektren mehrkerniger Aromaten: Tetracen, 3.4-Benztetraphen, 1.2, 3.4-Dibenzanthracen, 1.2, 5.6-Dibenzanthracen, Picen, Pentaphen

Absorption, luminescence and polarization spectra of tetracene and five five-ringed catacondensed aromatics have been analysed. The relative polarization of vibronic transitions is given for molecules of symmetric D2h and C2v. A new electronic transition, not detectable in the absorption spectra, has been found in all five-membered compounds, lying between 30 000 and 42 000 cm-1. The vibrational pattern of the α-band is determined by at least two series of vibrations.