Single-valued neutrosophic Einstein interactive aggregation operators with applications for material selection in engineering design: case study of cryogenic storage tank

Single-valued neutrosophic sets (SVNSs) and their application to material selection in engineering design. Liquid hydrogen is a feasible ingredient for energy storage in a lightweight application due to its high gravimetric power density. Material selection is an essential component in engineering since it meets all of the functional criteria of the object. Materials selection is a time-consuming as well as a critical phase in the design process. Inadequate material(s) selection can have a detrimental impact on a manufacturer’s production, profitability, and credibility. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) is an important tool in the engineering design process that deals with complexities in material selection. However, the existing MCDM techniques often produce conflicting results. To address such problems, an innovative aggregation technique is proposed for material selection in engineering design based on truthness, indeterminacy, and falsity indexes of SVNSs. Taking advantage of SVNSs and smooth approximation with interactive Einstein operations, single-valued neutrosophic Einstein interactive weighted averaging and geometric operators are proposed. Based on proposed AOs, a robust MCDM approach is proposed for material selection in engineering design. A practical application of the proposed MCDM approach for material selection of cryogenic storage containers is developed. Additionally, the authenticity analysis and comparison analysis are designed to discuss the validity and rationality of the optimal decision.

Thermal Analyses of Nanowarming-Assisted Recovery of the Heart From Cryopreservation by Vitrification

This study explores thermal design aspects of nanowarming-assisted recovery of the heart from indefinite cryogenic storage, where nanowarming is the volumetric heating effect of ferromagnetic nanoparticles excited by a radio-frequency electromagnet field. This study uses computation means, while focusing on the human heart and the rat heart models. The underlying nanoparticle loading characteristics are adopted from a recent, proof-of-concept experimental study. While uniformly distributed nanoparticles can lead to uniform rewarming, and thereby minimize adverse effects associated with ice crystallization and thermomechanical stress, the combined effects of heart anatomy and nanoparticle loading limitations present practical challenges which this study comes to address. Results of this study demonstrate that under less-than-ideal conditions, nonuniform nanoparticles warming may lead to a subcritical rewarming rate in some parts of the domain, excessive heating in others, and increased exposure potential to cryoprotective agents (CPAs) toxicity. Nonetheless, results of this study also demonstrate that computerized planning of the cryopreservation protocol and container design can help mitigate the associated adverse effects, with examples relating to adjusting the CPA and/or nanoparticle concentration, and selecting heart container geometry and size. In conclusion, nanowarming provides superior conditions for organ recovery from cryogenic storage, which comes with an elevated complexity of protocol planning and optimization.

The transfer temperature from slow cooling to cryogenic storage is critical for optimal recovery of cryopreserved mammalian cells

Cryopreservation is a key step for the effective delivery of many cell therapies and for the maintenance of biological materials for research. The preservation process must be carefully controlled to ensure maximum, post-thaw recovery using cooling rates slow enough to allow time for cells to cryodehydrate sufficiently to avoid lethal intracellular ice. This study focuses on determining the temperature necessary at the end of controlled slow cooling before transfer to cryogenic storage which ensures optimal recovery of the processed cell samples. Using nucleated, mammalian cell lines derived from liver (HepG2), ovary (CHO) and bone tissue (MG63) this study has shown that cooling must be controlled to -40°C before transfer to long term storage to ensure optimal cell recovery. No further advantage was seen by controlling cooling to lower temperatures. These results are consistent with collected differential scanning calorimetry data, that indicated the cells underwent an intracellular, colloidal glass transition between -49 and -59°C (Tg’i) in the presence of the cryoprotective agent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The glass forms at the point of maximum cryodehydration and no further cellular dehydration is possible. At this point the risk of lethal intracellular ice forming on transfer to ultra-low temperature storage is eliminated. In practice it may not be necessary to continue slow cooling to below this temperature as optimal recovery at -40°C indicates that the cells have become sufficiently dehydrated to avoid further, significant damage when transferred into ultra-low temperature storage.

Experimental Study of Large-Temperature-Range and Long-Period Monitoring for LNG Marine Auxiliary Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Measurement

Temperature is a key variable to evaluate the energy consumption and thermodynamic performance of traditional marine auxiliary machinery, chillers and piping systems. In particular, for the cryogenic storage tanks and fuel gas supply systems of LNG ships, explosion-proof and low-temperature-resistance properties bring new challenges to the onboard temperature measurement and monitoring. In order to promote the development of high-performance and safer monitoring systems for LNG ships, this paper adopted fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology to ensure the measurement safety and accuracy of temperature sensors, and performs a series of experiments in a large temperature range on the chiller, pipeline, and cryogenic storage tank of an LNG ship and their long-term reliabilities. Firstly, the principle and composition of the designed FBG temperature sensors are introduced in detail, and the measurement accuracy and range of different metal-coated optical fibers were tested in a large temperature range and compared against the traditional thermistors. Then, the effects of different operating conditions of the LNG marine chiller system and cryogenic storage tank on the temperature measurements were investigated. In addition, the drift degrees of the optical fibers and industrial thermistors were analyzed to figure out their reliabilities for long-term temperature measurements. The results showed that for the long-period (16 months) monitoring of LNG ships in a large temperature range (105–315 K) under different shipping conditions, the optical temperature measurement based on FBG technology has sufficient accuracy and dynamic sensitivity with a higher safety than the traditional thermoelectric measurement. Besides, the ship vibration, ambient humidity, and great temperature changes have little impact on its measurement reliability and drifts. This research can provide references and technical supports to the performance testing systems of LNG ships and other relevant vessels with stricter safety standards.