Effects of ibuprofen and tetracyline on extracellular polymer production

Extracellular polymer substances (EPS) comprised of proteins, carbohydrates, and other biomolecules, are important for microbiological communities. The EPS provides benefits to wastewater treatment communities (WWTC) such as antibiotic resistance, and community structure. Therefore EPS can be viewed as a valuable health marker of WWTC and therefore it is important to determine effects of contaminants entering wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on EPS. WWTC were exposed to the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) Ibuprofen at 16 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL, and the antibiotic tetracycline at 50 ng/mL to determine how EPS and growth were affected. EPS was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Bradford protein analysis, and Anthrone carbohydrate analysis. It was determined that EPS content was lower at both Ibuprofen concentrations, enhanced with tetracycline, and comparable to control when both were present. Changes could not be linked to protein or carbohydrate concentration. Growth inhibition occurred in the presence of both drugs but not each individually, suggesting that Ibuprofen may increase tetracycline sensitivity through EPS inhibition.

Effects of ibuprofen and tetracyline on extracellular polymer production

Extracellular polymer substances (EPS) comprised of proteins, carbohydrates, and other biomolecules, are important for microbiological communities. The EPS provides benefits to wastewater treatment communities (WWTC) such as antibiotic resistance, and community structure. Therefore EPS can be viewed as a valuable health marker of WWTC and therefore it is important to determine effects of contaminants entering wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on EPS. WWTC were exposed to the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) Ibuprofen at 16 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL, and the antibiotic tetracycline at 50 ng/mL to determine how EPS and growth were affected. EPS was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Bradford protein analysis, and Anthrone carbohydrate analysis. It was determined that EPS content was lower at both Ibuprofen concentrations, enhanced with tetracycline, and comparable to control when both were present. Changes could not be linked to protein or carbohydrate concentration. Growth inhibition occurred in the presence of both drugs but not each individually, suggesting that Ibuprofen may increase tetracycline sensitivity through EPS inhibition.

Dietary and Health Characteristics of Korean Adults According to the Level of Energy Intake from Carbohydrate: Analysis of the 7th (2016–2017) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the level of energy intake from carbohydrate and the dietary and health characteristics among Korean adults. We examined the diet quality and health conditions of Korean adults by segmenting them into eight groups according to the level of energy intake from carbohydrate (<45%, 45–50%, 50–55%, 55–60%, 60–65%, 65–70%, 70–75%, and ≥75%). From the data of the 7th (2016–2017) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 7566 subjects aged 19 to 64 years were analyzed. Diet quality was much lower in the groups whose energy intake from carbohydrate was <50% or ≥65%, compared to the groups whose energy intake from carbohydrate was 50–65%. Hypertension or low HDL-cholesterolemia was associated with low (<45%) or high (≥70%) energy intake from carbohydrate. We found no considerable difference in the diet quality and health conditions between the groups whose energy intake from carbohydrate was 50–55% and 55–65%. In conclusion, it is suggested to expand the current acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for carbohydrate for Korean adults (i.e., 55% to 65%) to include 50–55%.