Improving state policy in the field of safety and road maintenance in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

The level of transport infrastructure development directly affects the rate of economic growth. In 2018, in Russia, 67.1 % of the total volume of transported goods were delivered by road transport. However, we cannot talk about the full realization of the road transportation system since 57.6 % of public roads do not meet regulatory requirements. The available statistics indicate that, first of all, attention should be paid to the condition of the roads. The article analyzes the system for road maintenance in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, considers the main regulatory documents governing the activities of road work suppliers and executive authorities in the field of road maintenance. The article examines and analyzes the advanced foreign experience in the field of technologies for servicing roads in the winter. As the result of analysis, the authors propose introducing performance-based contracts into the field of the road sector. The creation of an economically feasible form of performance-based contracts can lead to a decrease in the cost of road maintenance by 10-40 %.

Ensuring access to medicines at a fair price? Innovative contracting experiences in France

Issue Innovative contracting models are developed to ease price-setting negotiations in case an extremely expensive drug has not proven sufficient efficiency in clinical trials. As disruptive HIV treatments are expected in the near future, French patient organizations evaluated the ability of these innovative contracts to ensure accessible medicines at a fair price. Description Performance-based schemes condition prices paid by the State to the efficiency of the medicine observed through real-world data. In France, thirteen performance-based contracts have been concluded between 2008 and 2015. They are presented as a triple solution: innovative treatments are available to patients, manufacturers access markets, and states ensure healthcare within limited budgets. Establishing the added value of these models implies determining if they allow rapid access to treatments with substantial savings for payers, while ensuring rigorous price and cost transparency. Results Performance-based contracts indeed ensure patient access to treatments, but other mechanisms (such as temporary use authorizations) already serve this purpose. Regarding expenditure reduction however, these schemes have not proven their worth. The Court of Auditors' evaluation showed they do not generate substantial savings, as final prices correspond to those that would have applied with the European price guarantee. Lastly, as contracts are protected by business secrecy, the public cannot access neither to actual prices negotiated by payers, nor the amount of public investment that have been used for the research and development of the drug. Lessons The derogatory nature of performance contracts invites us to consider them on a case-by-case basis if ensuring access to a specific innovation is necessary. These contracts are certainly innovative, but they cannot be presented as technologies providing access at a fair price. Finally, their contractual and derogatory nature raises serious transparency issues. Key messages Performance-based contracts should be considered as alternatives to existing administrative channels provided that they lead to substantial savings and are drawn up in full transparency. Patient organizations need to assess innovative schemes such as performance-based contracting to ensure access to treatments without undermining historical struggles for fair and transparent pricing.

Effectiveness of Performance Based Contracts in Managing Road Maintenance

Budget limitations require the need for a special strategy in maintaining national roads. The main problem with Indonesia’s road maintenance is the fact that the functional and structural conditions of the roads are damaged before their design life. The damage is caused by several factors, including (1) inadequate planning and design, (2) errors during construction, (3) lack of supervision of vehicle loads during road operations and (4) inaccurate road maintenance strategies. This study uses the Qualitative Analysis method. This study outlines the benefits of implementing a Performance Based Contract (PBC) in handling road maintenance. The data used are primary data obtained from interviews and direct observations. The secondary data obtained by literacy studies from the literature, planning documents and budgeting. Data analysis was performed by comparing the implementation of a performance-based contract system (PBC) with a conventional system. The results of the study concluded that the PBC pilot project in handling road maintenance was far more efficient and effective. If PBC is to be implemented broadly, it is recommended to prepare regulations that can reduce obstacles in its implementation.

Verbindung von ergebnis- und verhaltensorientiertem Controlling bei der Steuerung von Lieferanten

Die Forschung zu organisationaler Kontrolltheorie unterscheidet traditionell zwischen ergebnis- und verhaltensorientierten Steuerungsansätzen. Während verhaltensorientierte Ansätze in ihrer notwendigen Detaillierung dann an ihre Grenzen stoßen, wenn die Komplexität in Vorhaben kaum mehr überschaubar wird, sind ergebnisorientierte Ansätze auf eine hohe Verlässlichkeit, Stichhaltigkeit und Präzision der Messgrößen angewiesen. Dieser scheinbare Gegensatz führte dazu, dass lange Zeit ein Ansatz dem anderen konfrontativ gegenübergestellt worden ist. Eine komplementäre Nutzung wird erst seit vergleichsweise kurzer Zeit diskutiert. Diese Lücke greift dieser Beitrag auf und stellt am Beispiel von ergebnisorientierten Anreiz-verträgen – sogenannten Performance-Based Contracts (PBC) – vor, wie die Kennzahlen der Verträge (ergebnisorientierter Ansatz) einem zusätzlichen Performance Measurement (verhaltensorientierter Ansatz) bedürfen.

LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS OF A PBC PILOT PROJECT FOR ROAD IN INDONESIA

Implementation of Performance-based Contracts (PBC) for road maintenance in Indonesia still requires various studies, especially related to potential long-term cost efficiencies that can be achieved by the road agencies by shifting the application of traditional contracts to PBC. This study assesses the effectiveness of PBC compared to traditional contract implementation based on a case study on one of the PBC pilot projects in Indonesia. The effectiveness of the PBC reviews in terms of project life cycle cost efficiency was calculated. LCC calculations were conducted by considering the influence of the length of contracted road, the initial conditions of contracted road, and the duration of PBC project. The LCC calculation shows that the implementation of PBC generally has the potential to generate LCC efficiency compared to the traditional contract. This study also proved that the implementation of PBC can guarantee the performance of road services during multi-year contracts and also provide other benefits for the road agency and road users. ABSTRAK: Pelaksanaan Kontrak Berasaskan Prestasi (PBC) bagi penyelenggaraan jalan di Indonesia masih memerlukan pelbagai kajian, terutama berkaitan potensi keberkesanan perbelanjaan jangka panjang yang dapat dicapai oleh pihak agensi jalan dengan mengalihkan penerapan kontrak tradisional ke PBC. Kajian ini menilai keberkesanan PBC berbanding dengan pelaksanaan kontrak tradisional berdasarkan kajian kes pada salah satu projek perintis PBC di Indonesia. Keberkesanan ulasan PBC ini adalah dari segi kecekapan kos kitaran hayat projek. Pengiraan LCC dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan pengaruh panjang jalan yang dikontrak, keadaan awal jalan terkontrak, dan jangka waktu projek PBC. Pengiraan LCC menunjukkan bahawa pelaksanaan PBC secara amnya berpotensi untuk menghasilkan kecekapan LCC berbanding dengan kontrak tradisional. Kajian ini juga membuktikan bahawa pelaksanaan PBC dapat menjamin prestasi perkhidmatan jalan selama kontrak multi-tahun dan juga memberi manfaat lain untuk agensi jalan dan pengguna jalan raya.