Age-age correlations and prediction of early selection age for diameter growth in a 35-years old Pinus brutia Ten. Genetic experiment

Aim of study: Forest geneticists developed various methods to predict an early selection age for forest tree species in order to shorten the breeding cycles. This study aims to estimate age-age correlations among diameter growth of trees at different ages and predict early selection age for Pinus brutia Ten. Area of study: P. brutia populations in the study were sampled from the most productive distribution range of the species, which is an important forest tree in the eastern Mediterranean Basin. To understand genetic variation and determine early selection age for the species, a common garden experiment was established in two test sites near Antalya city, Turkey, in 1979. Material and methods: Wood increment cores at breast height were collected at age 30 years, and diameters (dbh) were measured for the ages 13, 15, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27 years on the cores. Diameters at ground level (dgl) and dbh were also measured on live trees at age 35. Variance components, age-age correlations, heritability and selection efficiency were estimated for the diameters. Main results: Age-age genetic correlations for diameters were high (mostly > 0.90). Genetic correlations between dgl (at age 35) and dbh (at all measurement ages) ranged from 0.84 to 0.99. Regressions of genetic correlation on natural log of age ratio (LAR) of juvenile age to older age were significant (P < 0.0001). Selection efficiencies estimated by employing the prediction equation indicated that for rotation age 40, the optimum selection age would be between 3 to 5 years, and for rotation age 100 it would be between 5 to 9 years. Research highlights: The results of this study provide information that can be used to find early selection ages in P. brutia. On relatively poor test sites most trees may not attain enough height growth to have measurable dbh trait. In such cases, dgl and/or tree height traits (both of which are highly correlated with dbh traits of all ages) can be measured and used instead of dbh trait for evaluations.

Density Functional Theory Calculations of Pinus brutia Derivatives and Its Response to Light in a Au/n-Si Device

In this study, the performance of an organic dye obtained from the bark of the red pine (Pinus brutia) tree growing in Muğla/Turkey as an interface layer in the Au/n-Si Schottky diode (SD) structure was evaluated. For this purpose, at first, the optimized molecular structure, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) simulations of the organic dye were calculated by the Gauss program and it was theoretically proven that the dye exhibits semiconducting properties. Then, the electrical and photodiode variables such as ideality factor, effective barrier height, series resistance, interface states density distribution, photosensitivity, and photo responsivity were evaluated employing current-voltage measurements under dark and different illumination densities. Additionally, C-V measurements were used to demonstrate that the fabricated device has capacitive features and this capability varies as a function of the frequency. Under these measurements, the possible conduction mechanism for the organic dye-based Au/n-Si device was investigated and the results showed that Au/Pinus brutia/n-Si may be a good candidate for optoelectronic applications.

The effects of Pinus brutia bark extract on pure and mixed continuous cultures of rumen bacteria and archaea, and fermentation characteristics in vitro

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of Pinus brutia bark extract, which is rich in polyphenolic compounds of tannins, on both pure and mixed continuous cultures of rumen bacteria and archaea, as well as on rumen fermentation characteristics in vitro. Antimicrobial susceptibility assay with pure cultures was carried out in an anaerobic chamber. Pinus brutia bark extract exhibited a potential inhibitor activity (P<0.05) against pure cultures of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Eubacterium ruminantium, and Methanobacterium formicicum while a growth stimulatory effect (P<0.05) was observed for Ruminoccocus albus, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and Streptococcus bovis. Pinus brutia bark extract only had a potential inhibitor effect (P<0.05) on R. albus at the highest dose (1200 µg/mL). Pinus brutia bark extract also stimulated (P<0.05) the growth of pure cultures of Fibrobacter succinogenes, while it did not affect Megasphaera elsdenii, except at the highest dose. The effects of two doses (75 and 375 mg/L) of P. brutia bark extract on in vitro mixed cultures and rumen fermentation parameters were determined by the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Supplementation with P. brutia bark extract led to a quadratic decrease (P<0.05) in the cell numbers of R. flavefaciens. Production of total and individual short chain fatty acids (SCFA), acetate to propionate ratio (C2/C3), total protozoa, ruminal pH, and dry matter digestibility (DMD) did not change in the presence of P. brutia bark extract. Supplementation with both doses of P. brutia bark extract decreased (P<0.05) the ammonia-N concentrations. Ammonia-N concentration was lowest in the high-supplemented group (P<0.05). As a conclusion, inhibitory effects of P. brutia bark extract on some species in the pure cultures were in the same direction as with mixed ruminal cultures, while stimulatory effects disappeared. The lack of inhibitory effects on protozoa and on a large number of Gram-positive rumen bacteria in the mixed cultures suggests that its mechanism of action is not exactly similar to antibiotics. Although P. brutia bark extract did not alter ruminal SCFA, it could have potential to improve ruminal protein utilization without depressing rumen microbial fermentation.

Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) gençliklerinin morfoloji ve kalite bakımından incelenmesi

Ülkemiz ormanlarında en geniş yayılış gösteren türlerimizden biri olan kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) toplam orman varlığımızın yaklaşık %25’ini oluşturmaktadır. Benzer türlere kıyasla çok daha hızlı gelişmesi ve bununla birlikte kapladığı alan miktarının genişliği de dikkate alındığında, tür hakkında yapılacak ormancılık araştırmalarının ne kadar büyük önem arz ettiği bir kez daha ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çalışma, türün 6 doğal yayılış alanından örneklenen bir yaşlı kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) gençlikleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, her bölgeden rastlantısal olarak seçilen 100 ve toplamda ise 600 gençlikte kök boğazı çapı ve fidan boyu değerleri ölçülmüş olup; gençliklerin fidan morfolojisi ve kalite sınıflarına göre dağılımı incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, çalışma sonucunda elde edilecek verilerin ileride yapılacak ormancılık uygulamalarına katkı sağlaması hedeflenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, ölçüm yapılan gençliklerde ortalama kök boğazı çapı 1.83 mm ve fidan boyu ise 8.64 cm olarak tespit edilmiştir. TSE İğne Yapraklı Ağaç Fidanları kalite sınıflarına göre bu gençliklerin fidan boyu bakımından %71.83’ünün elverişsiz (boy<10cm) olduğu belirlenirken, kök boğazı çapı bakımından ise fidanların %87.33’ünün yine elverişsiz (çap<2mm) olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Uygulanan korelasyon analizi sonucuna göre ise, fidan boyu ve kök boğazı çapı arasında istatistiksel yönden pozitif anlamlı ilişki (p<0.01, r=0.576) olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Orman ağaçlarında fidan kalite sınıflaması: Kızılçam örneği

Tür bazında Türkiye’de en geniş doğal yayılışa sahip Kızılçam’ın (Pinus brutia Ten.) fidan morfolojisi ve kalitesi üzerine gerçekleştirilen derleme niteliğindeki bu çalışmada, Kızılçam’ın fidan kalite sınıfları Dilaver (2015), Yılmazer (2017) ve Bilir (2019) tarafından gerçekleştirilen çalışmaları ışığında irdelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, türde fidan morfolojik özellikleri ve buna bağlı fidan kalitesinin, orijin, fidan tipi ve fidanlığa göre geniş farklılıklar gösterdiği ve bu sonuçların türün fidanlık tekniğinde uygulanması gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Kızılçam fidan kalite sınıflarının mevcut haliyle yeterli olamadığı ve yeni kalite sınıflarına ihtiyaç duyulduğu belirlenmiştir.

The Efficiency of The Tree Crown in The Expression of Growth For Pinus Brutia Ten Trees Growing in Atrush Region Northern Iraq

The study was conducted on Pinus brutia Ten. trees growing in Atrosh region northern Iraq, which are natural forests of different age. We have taken different measurements of (200) trees to estimate the growth efficiency in both basal area and volume depending on crown projection area of the tree as independent variable. Several linear and nonlinear equations have been obtained through which we can estimate growth and know the role of each of these elements in growth efficiency. For Crown efficiency depending on the basal area (CEBg) denoting the crown projection area (CPA) the nonlinear equation {CEBg=-0.9996+(CPA)-000009851} was chosen, as R2 (72.52) and SE (0.00002 ) and D-W (1.87). We also found The efficiency of the crown depending on the growth of base area (CEBg) denoting the of the crown projection area (CPA) and the height of the tree (H). Also the nonlinear equation was chosen depending on the scales used {CEBg=-1.99964+(CPA)-000009904 +(H)000001599} was the value of R2 (75.77), SE (0.00002) and D-W (1.81).For Crown efficiency depending on the growth in volume (CEVg) in terms of Crown projection area (CPA) the nonlinear equation{CEVg=-0.998015+(CPA)-0 0004362} was chosen as R2(70.11) and standard error SE (0.0001) ) and D-W (1.53), we also found Crown efficiency depending on the growth in volume depending on crown projection area and the height of the tree, the nonlinear equation{CEVg=- 1.9992+(CPA)-0 0005513+(H)00007631} was chosen which the value of R2 (69.44), SE (0.0001) and D-W ( 1.55 ).

Effect of (N.P.K) Nano and Mineral Fertilizer on Some Growth Characteristics of Pinus Brutia Ten. Seedlings by Foliar Application

The study was carried out in the greenhouse of the Department of Forestry/College of Agriculture and Forestry/the University of Mosul for the period from 15/9/2020 to 15/8/2021 to study the effect of spraying with N.P.K nano and mineral fertilizer on some growth characteristics of Pinus brutia seedlings. The spraying process was carried out using two types of N.P.K nano fertilizer, the first is (20: 20: 20) and the second is (12:12:36), and N.P.K mineral fertilizer was used in two types, the first is (20: 20: 20) and the second is (12:12:36) at a concentration of 5 g. L-1 for both nano and mineral, and by four sprays (2 autumns + 2 spring). The results showed the superiority of nano fertilizer (20:20:20) over the rest of the treatments in terms of the increase in longitudinal and diagonal growth, root length and diameter, and the wet and dry weight of the vegetative mass, which amounted to 28.3167 cm, 3.8383 mm, 58.5333 cm, 5.52000 mm, 32.4703 g and 13.9210 g respectively. The mineral fertilizer (20:20:20) also showed significant superiority over all treatments as it gave 27.4833 cm, 3.5939 mm, 57.1778 cm, 5.26278 mm, 29.7901 g and 13.3387 for the studied traits, respectively, an increase in longitudinal and diagonal growth, root length, root diameter and wet and dry weight of the stem. The interaction between the two fertilizers N.P.K nano (20:20:20) and mineral N.P.K (20:20:20) was significantly superior by giving the highest average growth of all studied traits, as it gave 30,717 cm, 4.2680 mm, 61,000 cm, 5.8493 mm, 36.135 g and 15.8160, respectively.