Effects of Water Temperature on Growth Criteria of Fingerlings of Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1884)

The current experiment was conducted in the Fish Laboratory of Aquaculture Unit, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah from 28th January to 19th April 2021. Growth criteria of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella were investigated using four water temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30 oC). Grass carp fingerlings (4.92 g) were brought from earthen ponds of the Aquaculture Unit in Al-Hartha Station for Agricultural Researches, North Basrah. The results indicated that the highest final weight (7.96 g) was reached by fishes at 15 0C, while the lowest final weight (7.22 g) was at 30 0C. Weight increments for fishes were 3.02, 2.97, 2.76 and 2.22 g for water temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30 0C, respectively. Fishes had the highest daily growth rate (0.0425 g/day) at 15 0C and the lowest (0.0312 g/day) at 30 0C. Fishes at 20 0C had the best feed conversion rate of 4.03, while fishes at 30 0C had the worst feed conversion rate of 5.29. It can be concluded that the best growth criteria were obtained from fishes at 15 0C and 20 0C, while the worst was observed at 30 0C.

Evaluation The Efficiency of Some of Bio - Control Fungi on The Content of Rice Leaves (Oryza Sativa L.) Class Jassmine of Phenols, Alkaloids, And Some of Hormones

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of using biocontrol fungi - Trichoderma harzianum. Australian (T.h.a). and Trichoderma harzianum. tahadi(T.h.t) and Chaetumium elatum( C.e) isolates on contents of rice leaves ) Oryza sativa L. (class jasmine of phenols, alkaloids, and hormones( zeatin, gibberellic acid, indol acitic acid). To attaining these aims, two experements were carryied out in two regions at Rice Research Center(RRC), and Agriculture college - AL-Najaf province. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: The suspension (10)-4 of biocontrol agent T.h.a gave a significant difference in concentrations of phenols in rice leaves for treatment: Soil + hay + NP + T.h.a which reached 0.378, 0.363 ppm in RRC and college of agriculture fields, in compare with control treatment which gave 0.251,0.245 ppm, respectively. T.h.a. gave a significant differences in concentrations of alkaloids in rice leaves for treatment: Soil + hay + NP + T.h.a which reached 1.67,1.51 µg/ml in RRC and college of agriculture fields, in compare with control treatment which gave 1.19,1.15 µg/ml., respectively T.h.a attained the highest concentrations of hormones ( zeatin, gebberllic acid, indol acitic acid) in rice leaves for treatment: Soil + hay + NP + T.h.a which reached (0.0941, 53.84, 0.287) ppm, at RRC and (0.0835, 44.52, 0.268) ppm for college of agriculture fields, in compare with control treatment which gave ( 0.0712, 51.12, 0.210) ppm with RRC and (0.0523, 42.10, 0.174)ppm for college of agriculture, respectively.

Using of Microsatellites to Study the Genetic Polymorphisms of SRYm18 Region in Iraqi Sheep

The origin of animals is usually determined by their paternal genotypes of the genes on the Y chromosome. In addition to the genes and their polymorphisms in the genome of mitochondria that are inherited through dams. In view of the lack of studies focusing on the genes of the Y chromosome in the world and their absence in Iraq. The aim of the present study was to identify the multiple genetic polymorphisms of the SRYM18 gene in the Arabi and Awassi sheep raised in Iraq. The study was conducted in the Genetic Engineering Laboratories - College of Agriculture, University of Basra, as well as in the Basra Genome Laboratory. The amplification of the SRYM18 gene showed genetic polymorphisms and gave a gene segment of (103-880) bp. The number of alleles of the SRYm18 gene was 13 alleles in the Arabi and 16 alleles in the Awassi breeds. The equilibrium test showed that the two breeds were under equilibrium. The two breeds were identical with nine alleles, while the number of special alleles for the Arabi breed was two, while the Awassi breed was distinguished by five. The number of rare alleles reached 20, of which seven were of the Arabi breed, and 13 of them were of the Awassi breed. Mean expected heterozygosity was 0.6386 with nonsignificant Fis for Arabi breed (0.1541) but significant for Awassi breed (0.2213). Mean neutrality was close to lower bound (0.1721) and (0.1270) for Arabi and Awassi breeds respectively

Impact of Storage Period on Fertility and Mortality in Chabro Breeds of Poultry

An investigation was conducted to study the effect of storage period on fertility and hatchability in large, medium and small sized eggs of Chabro breed. The study was conducted at poultry farm of SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner. For the present study, a total of 297 eggs were collected for this study. These eggs were grouped into three egg size categories i.e. Small (38-44 g), medium (45-52 g) and large (53-59 g). To study the impact of incubation period, eggs were stored at 21 ̊C temperature for three different time periods (fresh, 3 day and 6 day). It was observed that egg fertility was increased on 3rd day and decreased on 6th day as compared to 0 day. For small egg class, egg fertility was 95.55, 96.02 and 92.13% respectively, on 0, 3 and 6 day of storage. Similarly, for medium-sized egg class, fertility was 95.17, 95.64 and 90.28% and for large sized egg class, it was 91.11, 92.15 and 87.41% respectively, on 0, 3 and 6 day of storage. Embryonic mortality increased with increase in storage duration. For small egg class, egg mortality was 20.95, 17.56 and 24.87% respectively, on 0, 3 and 6 day of storage. Similarly, for medium-sized eggs class, mortality was 10.15, 8.45 and 12.63% and for large sized egg class, it was 29.30, 20.14 and 33.41% respectively, on 0, 3 and 6 day of storage. The egg fertility and mortality are affected by the storage period. For best hatchability, egg storage should not exceed 3 days.

Morphological and Biochemical Bases of Resistance of Some Groundnut Germplasms against Tobacco Caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and Leaf Miner, Aproaerema modicella (Deventer)

A screening experiment of forty germplasm lines was conducted at College Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad in rabi, 2019-20 and was laid in Randomized block design (RBD) having two replicates. Three germplasm lines viz., ICGV 16679 (13.71% leaf damage), ICGV 07222 (14.00% leaf damage) and ICGV 93468 (14.25% leaf damage) showed greater resistance than the resistant check, ICGV 86031 (15.04% leaf damage) against tobacco caterpillar and with respect to resistance against leaf miner, no germplasm line was found to be superior than the resistant check, ICGV 86031 (7.82% leaf damage). However, the germplasm line, ICGV 02266 (8.35% leaf damage) was next best to the resistant check. The various morphological and biochemical characters were recorded and correlated with insect pest damage and incidence to know their role in imparting resistance/susceptibility. Resistance to various insect pests in germplasm lines was due to significantly higher trichome density on leaf lamina, higher phenol and tannin content.

Influence of Different Drip Irrigation and Fertigation Levels on Yield and Economics of High-density Cotton

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different drip irrigation and fertigation levels on yield and economics of high-density cotton at College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, during kharif 2019 and 2020. The experiment consisted of twelve treatments laid out in Factorial randomised block design (FRBD) replicated thrice. Three irrigation levels (irrigation scheduled at 0.6 [I1], 0.8 [I2] and 1.0 [I3] Epan throughout the crop growth period) and four fertigation levels (application of 100% RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation [F1], application of 100% RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve [F2], application of 125% RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation [F3], and application of 125% RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve [F4],) were included as treatments in this study. Irrigation levels did not show any significant influence on yield and economics during 2020 and 2021. While among the four fertigation levels, application of 125% RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve (F4) recorded significantly higher gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio which were on par with application of 125% RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F3). Lower gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio were obtained with the application of 100% RDNK in differential dosage as per recommendation (F1) which were on par with application of 100% RDNK in differential dosage as per crop coefficient curve during both the seasons (F2). Further the gross returns and net returns produced under F3 was also on par with F2.

Influence of Post Shooting Spray and Bunch Bagging on Per Day Productivity and Fruit Quality of Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.)

Aims: To determine the effect of post shooting spray and bunch bagging on per day productivity and quality of banana (Musa paradisiaca L.)” Study Design: Completely Randomized Design (Factorial) with three repetitions. Place and Duration of Study: Experiment was carried out at the Horticultural Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, B. A. College of Agriculture, AAU, Anand during the year 2017-18 and 2018-19 Methodology: The experiment comprises of twenty four treatment combinations involving two varieties viz. Grand Naine and William with six levels of post shooting sprays namely; control, humic acid 2 %, 2, 4-D 30 mg/l, gibberellic acid (GA3) 100 mg/l, CPPU 4 mg/l and sulphate of potash (SOP) 2 % with two bunch bagging viz., non- woven material bag covering and blue colour polyethylene sleeve (6 % perforated) bag covering. Post shooting sprays were given twice i.e. 1st spray after complete opening of inflorescence and 2nd spray after 30 days of first spray with covering the bunch immediately after second spray. Results: The results indicated that the Grand Naine variety recorded significantly minimum harvest days, maturity days. Whereas, William variety was recorded significantly shelf life and fruit appearances. In case of per day productivity is concerned, both the varieties were equally important. The post shooting spray of GA3 100 mg/l recorded significantly improves per day productivity and fruit appearances. Whereas, post shooting spray of SOP 2 % recorded minimum harvest day and maturity days. While, post shooting sprays of CPPU 4 mg/l showed significantly maximum shelf life. The non-woven material bag covering was significantly better among all quantitative and qualitative parameters as compared to blue colour polyethylene sleeve bag covering. While, post shooting spray of CPPU 4 mg/l with non-woven material bag covering showed significantly expand the shelf life of fruit. Conclusion: Grand Naine variety recorded significantly minimum harvest and maturity days. Whereas, William variety was recorded significantly shelf life and fruit appearances. The post shooting spray of GA3 100 mg/l was improved per day productivity and fruit appearances. Whereas, post shooting sprays of CPPU 4 mg/l showed significantly enhancing the shelf life. The non-woven material bag covering on banana bunches was found significantly better among all quantitative and qualitative parameters.

Response of Quality Attributes of Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) cv. Williumto Post Shooting Spray and Bunch Covering Material

Aims: To study the post harvest shooting namely; control, humic acid 2%, 2, 4-D 30 mg/l, gibberellic acid (GA3) 100 mg/l, CPPU 4 mg/l and sulphate of potash (SOP) 2% and covering materials viz., non- woven material bag and blue colour polyethylene sleeve (6% perforated) bag on bunch of banana cv. Willium Study Design: Experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (Factorial) with three repetitions. Place and Duration of Study: Experiment was carried out at the Horticultural Research Farm,Department of Horticulture, B. A. College of Agriculture, AAU, Anand during the year 2017-18 and 2018-19 Methodology: The experimental plot was prepared by deep ploughing, harrowing and levelling. The pits of 30 x 30 x 30 cm were dug out at a spacing of 1.8 x 1.8 m2 and well decomposed fine textured Farm Yard Manure (FYM) at the rate of 10 kg per pit was applied at planting. Well hardened, healthy, uniform tissue cultured tissue culture plants of willium banana having 5-6 leaves were used for planting. Post shooting sprays were given twice i.e. 1st spray after complete opening of inflorescence and 2nd spray after 30 days of first spray with covering the bunch immediately after second spray.The fruits which were used for recording the weight loss during ripening, were used to calculating pulp: peel ratio. Pulp to peel ratio was calculated by dividing respective pulp weight by respective peel weight. The TSS value of the fruit was recorded by using hand refractometer having range of 0-32 ⁰Brix. Acidity (%) was calculated by the method described by Rangana (1977) was adopted for estimation of titrable acidity. Results: The results revealed that the banana bunches sprayingof CPPU 4 mg/lwith bunch covering with non woven materials were recorded significantly lower physiological loss in weight (12.80, 13.60 and 13.20%) and (13.26, 14.14 and 13.70%), respectively. Whereas, post shooting spray of SOP 2% with non-woven material bag coveringwere recorded significantly maximum TSS (21.42, 21.05 and 21.17 ºBrix; 21.39, 20.93 and 21.16 ºBrix), reducing sugar (12.55, 12.34 and 12.45%; 12.21, 12.16 and 12.18%) and total sugar (21.42, 20.82 and 21.12%; 20.84, 20.50 and 20.67%) as compared to rest of the treatments of post shooting sprays and bunch covering materials on banana quality. Conclusion: From the two years of field study, it can be concluded that the post shooting spraying of CPPU 4 mg/l and SOP 2% with non woven bunch covering bags were improve fruit quality of banana.

Effect of Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides Application on Economics of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)

An experiment was conducted during kharif 2020 at Post Graduate Research Farm, Agronomy Section, College of Agriculture, Dhule to study the effect of pre and post emergent herbicides application on economics of pearl millet production. Experiment consisted of nine treatments namely weedy check (T1), weed free (T2), atrazine @ 500 g/ha PoE (T3), 2,4-D (Dimethyl amine) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T4), 2,4-D (Na Salt) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T5), atrazine @ 500 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Dimethyl amine) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T6), atrazine @ 500 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Na Salt) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T7), pendimethalin 750 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Dimethyl amine) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T8), pendimethalin 750 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Na Salt) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T9) laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Among the herbicidal treatments, grain yield (kg/ha) and straw yield (kg/ha) was observed better with application of pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Na Salt) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T9). Among the chemical weed management treatments, application of pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Na Salt) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T9) observed higher gross and net monetary returns (₹/ha). However, the gross and net monetary returns (₹/ha) were maximum under weed free treatment but lower B:C ratio as compared to sequential application of pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Na Salt) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T9) and pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Dimethyl amine) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T8) due to higher cost for labour weeding.

​Quality Characters of Tannia [Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.). Schott] as Affected by Tillage, Planting Methods, Plant Nutrition and Application of Soil Conditioners

Background: Tannia is one of the six most important root and tuber crops grown world-wide. Tannia possess good keeping quality compared to other vegetables. The tubers are considered more nutritious than colocasia and potato. But the crop is still under-exploited compared to other tuber crops. Hence the study was undertaken to identify the effect of tillage and nutrition on quality characters of tannia. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala during 2014-15 to study the effect of organic nutrition on quality characters of tannia. The design used was split plot design with four replications. The treatments consisted of tillage and planting methods as main plot treatments (L1- conventional tillage followed by pit system, L2- conventional tillage followed by mound system, L3- deep tillage followed by pit system and L4- deep tillage followed by mound system). The sub plot treatments were combinations of soil conditioners (S1- control, S2- coir pith, S3- rice husk) and two nutrition systems (N1- integrated nutrient management (INM) and N2- organic nutrition). Result: Results of the experiment revealed that the quality characters of tannia was improved by deep tillage to a depth of 30 cm followed by pit system of planting, application of coir pith as soil conditioner @ 500 g plant-1 and organic nutrition (FYM @37.5 t ha-1 + wood ash @ 2 t ha-1).