Margaret Clitherow

In the life of Margaret Clitherow (b. 1552/3–d. 1586), international Counter-Reformation piety met English national and provincial politics and led to the creation of a Catholic martyr. She was born Margaret Middleton in predominantly Protestant York and in 1571 married a widowed butcher and father of two, John Clitherow. By the end of 1574 she had given him at least two more children but had also embraced Catholicism, refusing to attend prescribed Protestant services. This recusancy resulted in three prison terms, each of six months or more, in 1577–1578, 1580–1581, and 1583–1584. She was particularly inspired by the heroism of missionary priests from the English seminaries in Continental Europe and made a point of sheltering them at the family home in York’s Shambles. One such was John Mush, who returned from Rome to England in 1583 and became her spiritual director from c. 1584. The 1585 Act against Jesuits and seminary priests made it a capital felony to harbor such clerics: the sentence could be death. On 10 March 1586 the Clitherows’ house was searched, evidence of Catholic worship was found and Margaret arrested. Her trial followed four days later, though it was for her refusal to enter a plea that she was sentenced to death peine forte et dure, being crushed to death. Her stepfather was then serving as York’s lord mayor, so it was a high-profile case in a close-knit community. Every effort was made to prevent the law taking its course, but Margaret would not be dissuaded from the path of martyrdom. The sentence was executed on 25 March, crushed to death under a door loaded with weights. Mush was among those who buried her body; he then wrote a life of the martyr. That Life is integral to all subsequent developments: popular Catholic devotion to the “Pearl of York,” her inclusion among the lives of the martyred priests, the opening of a formal process in 1874, beatification by Pius XI in 1929, and canonization—as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales—by Paul VI in 1970. Apart from the pious and the scholarly, there are few obvious divisions within the literature on Margaret Clitherow: Reference Works and an Overview derive from John Mush’s Life. Other Lives either parallel Mush or follow in his wake, though there are many other sources for wider studies of Recusancy in Yorkshire. For the martyr’s Trial and Death one must rely on Mush and his sources. His failure to locate the place of her burial has had diverse consequences, as conveyed in the final section of the present article, Burial and Legacy.

The Sharia Rulings about Letter of Credit in Imports and Exports

As you know Islam is permanent law of life it widely contains and provides rules, regulations and guidance for all departments of life. So Islam also provides pure guidance in a complete way to one of the most complicated and enhanced aspect of life that is Finance. On behalf of specific rules and regulations opens the door of easiness, equality and facilitations for business and financial deals with ability of safety of financial transactions over the world. One of important principle in business is Kafala. In financial matters, kafala means that if one party needs to own a debt and the other party need a trust for giving debt. Therefore, the first party provides guarantee means responsibility of paying back on due time and in case of any issues of return the guarantor will be responsible. For example in some situations merchants deals the deal in two different countries presenting the bank as a guarantor instead of individuals. The bank follows formal process named LC to become legal guarantor between parties. Following article contains different discussions like introduction of LC, its methods, types and Shariah issues related.

Brief communication: A roadmap towards credible projections of ice sheet contribution to sea level

Accurately projecting mass loss from ice sheets is of critical societal importance. However, despite recent improvements in ice sheet models, our analysis of a recent effort to project ice sheet contribution to future sea level suggests that few models reproduce historical mass loss accurately and that they appear much too confident in the spread of predicted outcomes. The inability of models to reproduce historical observations raises concerns about the models' skill at projecting mass loss. Here we suggest that uncertainties in the future sea level contribution from Greenland and Antarctica may well be significantly higher than reported in that study. We propose a roadmap to enable a more realistic accounting of uncertainties associated with such forecasts and a formal process by which observations of mass change should be used to refine projections of mass change. Finally, we note that tremendous government investment and planning affecting tens to hundreds of millions of people is founded on the work of just a few tens of scientists. To achieve the goal of credible projections of ice sheet contribution to sea level, we strongly believe that investment in research must be commensurate with the scale of the challenge.

4 Educational Impact of Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography (TNE) on Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine (NPM) Subspecialty Residents

Primary Subject area Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Background Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography (TNE) is a real-time cardiac imaging modality used by neonatologists who have completed a minimum of one-year training in cardiovascular physiology and imaging methodology, to optimize management of neonatal cardiorespiratory compromise. TNE is provided as a clinical service, to aid in diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of neonatal cardiovascular illness. Potential impacts of TNE on trainee education are unknown. Objectives This study aimed to describe trainees’ perspectives on existing neonatal hemodynamics education and perceived impacts of TNE on their education. Design/Methods This was a mixed quantitative and qualitative study that surveyed NPM subspecialty residents in Canada and the United States of America (USA), at centres both with and without TNE. Survey questions sought to explore current perspectives on cardiac and hemodynamics curriculum in training programs. Results 92 residents responded to the survey, of whom 24 (26%) were enrolled in a program with an active TNE service, 64 (70%) were training at a non-TNE centre, and 4 (4%) were unsure. Trainees at TNE centres were more satisfied with their overall hemodynamics training (91% vs. 69%, p=0.040; Table 1). 25% of all trainees felt they do not have sufficient hemodynamics training to prepare them for independent practice. On analysis of curriculum content, cardiac development, myocardial functioning in prematurity, and cardiac mechanics emerged as areas of knowledge gaps among all residents (Table 2). TNE centre trainees reported that bedside TNE teaching offers immediate insights into how patients respond to management decisions, while didactic TNE teaching allows for learning at a slower pace, with appropriate knowledge consolidation. Only 9% of respondents at TNE sites reported a formal process of hemodynamics review between clinical and TNE teams. 90% of respondents believed that a TNE service would positively impact their hemodynamics education by improvement in knowledge of cardiovascular physiology and management decisions. Conclusion Most trainees believed that TNE may be a valuable educational tool, with current perceived satisfaction with overall hemodynamics training higher among residents training at TNE centres. 25% of all trainees felt unprepared for transitioning to independent practice. Hence, thoughtful curriculum design for real-time and consolidation learning, with specific emphasis on content gaps, as well as working toward a formal process of hemodynamics review, should be considered.

Part 2 Asylum, 5 The Principle of Non-refoulement—Part 1

This chapter evaluates the principle of non-refoulement. In the context of immigration control in continental Europe, refoulement is a term of art covering, in particular, summary reconduction to the frontier of those discovered to have entered illegally and summary refusal of admission of those without valid papers. Refoulement is thus to be distinguished from expulsion or deportation, the more formal process whereby a lawfully resident alien may be required to leave a State, or be forcibly removed. The principle of non-refoulement prescribes, broadly, that no refugee should be returned to any country where he or she is likely to face persecution, torture, or other serious ill-treatment. The chapter examines the sources of the principle; the question of ‘risk’; the personal scope of the principle, including its application to certain categories of asylum seekers; exceptions to the principle; and its operation in the context of extradition and expulsion.

TQA-1: The 2010 NAE Technology for a Quieter America (TQA) report and ten years of workshops

The Technology for a Quieter America project began in February, 2005 with a request from the project office of the National Academy of Engineering to produce a consensus report on the state of the technology in noise control engineering. A committee was appointed and a series of workshops on the various TQA topics were held. The TQA report was published by the National Academies Press in 2010. After the report was completed, it became clear that additional studies on specific topics covered in the TQA report would be valuable. These were not to be traditional consensus studies but workshops organized on an ad hoc basis and approved by the NAE project office. The first workshop was in 2012 on noise from motorcycles and the most recent workshop held in 2020 was on aerial mobility which included drones and air taxis. In all, ten reports have been published and are available as public information documents from the Institute of Noise Control Engineering. In 2016, the National Academy of Engineering formalized the process for development of workshops in the form of member-initiated activities. There is currently a formal process for the submission and approval of proposed projects.

Brief communication: A roadmap towards credible projections of ice sheet contribution to sea-level

Accurately projecting mass loss from ice sheets is of critical societal importance. However, despite recent improvements in ice sheet models, our analysis of a recent effort to project Greenland's contribution to future sea-level suggests that few models reproduce historical mass loss accurately, and that they appear much too confident in the spread of predicted outcomes. The inability of models to reproduce historical observations raises concerns about the models' skill at projecting mass loss. Here we suggest that the future sea level contribution from Greenland may well be significantly higher than reported in that study. We propose a roadmap to enable a more realistic accounting of uncertainties associated with such forecasts, and a formal process by which observations of mass change be used to refine projections of mass change. Finally, we note that tremendous government investment and planning affecting 10s to 100s of millions of people is founded on the work of several tens of scientists involved in a significantly volunteer effort. To achieve the goal of credible projections of ice sheet contribution to sea-level, we strongly believe that investment in research must be commensurate with the scale of the challenge.

Flexible Ostinati, Groove, and Formal Process in Craig Taborn’s Avenging Angel

Repetition in the music of pianist/composer Craig Taborn engenders diverse temporal experiences at both local and global scales. At the local level, distinctive repetitions that I term flexible ostinati share significant features with the cyclic materials often observed in groove-based musics: they comprise a repetitive, omnipresent stream within the overall texture, provide a rapid isochronous pulse, and imply higher-level metric levels. However, they differ from strict ostinati or the repetitions that Anne Danielsen (2006) terms “basic groove units” in their flexibility at the rhythmic/metric level of temporal experience. This flexibility manifests in two ways: in the material domain, flexible ostinati are often varied significantly across repetitions, while in the interpretive domain, they simultaneously suggest multiple possibilities for pulse, meter, or cyclic beginning/ending. Following Danielsen, who describes groove as emerging from interactions between sounding rhythm and a reference structure, I examine the potential reference structures (meter and cycle) suggested by Taborn’s flexible ostinati. These structures are never fixed, but instead must be constantly negotiated, resulting in engaging grooves that draw the listener into the music’s temporal matrix. I analyze three pieces from Taborn’s 2011 solo album, Avenging Angel, to demonstrate how, across longer stretches of time, diverse forms grow out of these ostinati: “The Broad Day King” layers a surface-level flexible ostinato against slower background cycles that gradually reveal themselves; “Avenging Angel” is structured by the juxtaposition of two contrasting ostinati; and a brief passage in “Neverland” features an elusive groove that dissolves almost as soon as it materializes.

Accreditation of Epilepsy Centers

In 2012, the Institute of Medicine recommended that a formal process be developed for the accreditation of epilepsy centers in the United States. This article provides some of the background and processes that led to the criteria by which epilepsy centers are now accredited.

Living Outside of Love

Charity and hospitality are perhaps the most well-recognized components of caritas in the historiography. This chapter explores the hospitality offered to the itinerant poor in Scotland, highlighting how the practice of charitable giving enabled the reincorporation of a group that lived on the edges of community. Many of these people lived outside of formal family structures because of the legal practice of banishment following criminal activity. This chapter also explores this formal process of exclusion and how providing hospitality not only allowed such people to survive but also acted as an opportunity to encourage moral reform. Those who lived in the margins were often thought of as ‘lonely’, structurally distanced from the connections that brought comfort and security, and pushed to locations—the spaces between towns and villages—imagined as lonely. Importantly, as caritas was an embodied ethic, punishment here was imagined in physical, not just symbolic, terms.