Non-negative Integer Power of a Hyponormal m-isometry is Reflexive

Sarason did pioneer work on reflexive operator and reflexivity of normal operators, however, he did not used the word reflexive but his results are equivalent to say that every normal operator is reflexive. The word reflexive was suggested by HALMOS and first appeared in H. Rajdavi and P. Rosenthals book `Invariant Subspaces’ in 1973. This line of research was continued by Deddens who showed that every isometry in B(H) is reflexive. R. Wogen has proved that `every quasi-normal operator is reflexive’. These results of Deddens, Sarason, Wogen are particular cases of theorem of Olin and Thomson which says that all sub-normal operators are reflexive. In other direction, Deddens and Fillmore characterized these operators acting on a finite dimensional space are reflexive. J. B. Conway and Dudziak generalized the result of reflexivity of normal, quasi-normal, sub-normal operators by proving the reflexivity of Vonneumann operators. In this paper we shall discuss the condition under which m-isometries operators turned to be reflexive.

Continuum-mediated self-interacting dark matter

Dark matter may self-interact through a continuum of low-mass states. This happens if dark matter couples to a strongly-coupled nearly-conformal hidden sector. This type of theory is holographically described by brane-localized dark matter interacting with bulk fields in a slice of 5D anti-de Sitter space. The long-range potential in this scenario depends on a non-integer power of the spatial separation, in contrast to the Yukawa potential generated by the exchange of a single 4D mediator. The resulting self-interaction cross section scales like a non-integer power of velocity. We identify the Born, classical and resonant regimes and investigate them using state-of-the-art numerical methods. We demonstrate the viability of our continuum-mediated framework to address the astrophysical small-scale structure anomalies. Investigating the continuum-mediated Sommerfeld enhancement, we demonstrate that a pattern of resonances can occur depending on the non-integer power. We conclude that continuum mediators introduce novel power-law scalings which open new possibilities for dark matter self-interaction phenomenology.

Trace of Positive Integer Power of Squared Special Matrix

The rectangle matrix to be discussed in this research is a special matrix where each entry in each line has the same value which is notated by An. The main aim of this paper is to find the general form of the matrix trace An powered positive integer m. To prove whether the general form of the matrix trace of An powered positive integer can be confirmed, mathematics induction and direct proof are used.

Kernels of Unbounded Toeplitz Operators and Factorization of Symbols

We consider kernels of unbounded Toeplitz operators in $$H^p({\mathbb {C}}^{+})$$ H p ( C + ) in terms of a factorization of their symbols. We study the existence of a minimal Toeplitz kernel containing a given function in $$H^p({\mathbb {C}}^{+})$$ H p ( C + ) , we describe the kernels of Toeplitz operators whose symbol possesses a certain factorization involving two different Hardy spaces and we establish relations between the kernels of two operators whose symbols differ by a factor which corresponds, in the unit circle, to a non-integer power of z. We apply the results to describe the kernels of Toeplitz operators with non-vanishing piecewise continuous symbols.

Ordinary and degenerate Euler numbers and polynomials

In this paper, we study some identities on Euler numbers and polynomials, and those on degenerate Euler numbers and polynomials which are derived from the fermionic p-adic integrals on $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$ Z p . Specifically, we obtain a recursive formula for alternating integer power sums and representations of alternating integer power sum polynomials in terms of Euler polynomials and Stirling numbers of the second kind, as well as various properties about Euler numbers and polynomials. In addition, we deduce representations of degenerate alternating integer power sum polynomials in terms of degenerate Euler polynomials and degenerate Stirling numbers of the second kind, as well as certain properties on degenerate Euler numbers and polynomials.

A Note on Type 2 Degenerate q-Euler Polynomials

Recently, type 2 degenerate Euler polynomials and type 2 q-Euler polynomials were studied, respectively, as degenerate versions of the type 2 Euler polynomials as well as a q-analog of the type 2 Euler polynomials. In this paper, we consider the type 2 degenerate q-Euler polynomials, which are derived from the fermionic p-adic q-integrals on Z p , and investigate some properties and identities related to these polynomials and numbers. In detail, we give for these polynomials several expressions, generating function, relations with type 2 q-Euler polynomials and the expression corresponding to the representation of alternating integer power sums in terms of Euler polynomials. One novelty about this paper is that the type 2 degenerate q-Euler polynomials arise naturally by means of the fermionic p-adic q-integrals so that it is possible to easily find some identities of symmetry for those polynomials and numbers, as were done previously.

Some Identities of Ordinary and Degenerate Bernoulli Numbers and Polynomials

In this paper, we investigate some identities on Bernoulli numbers and polynomials and those on degenerate Bernoulli numbers and polynomials arising from certain p-adic invariant integrals on Z p . In particular, we derive various expressions for the polynomials associated with integer power sums, called integer power sum polynomials and also for their degenerate versions. Further, we compute the expectations of an infinite family of random variables which involve the degenerate Stirling polynomials of the second and some value of higher-order Bernoulli polynomials.

Trace Matriks Berbentuk Khusus 2 X 2 Berpangkat Bilangan Bulat Positif

Trace matriks ialah jumlah dari elemen diagonal utama dari matriks kuadrat. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai jejak kekuatan bilangan bulat positif matriks nyata 2x2. Ada dua langkah dalam membentuk bentuk umum dari trace matriks. Pertama, tentukan bentuk umum (An) dan buktikan menggunakan induksi matematika. Kedua, tentukan jejak bentuk umum (An) dan buktikan dengan bukti langsung. Hasilnya diperoleh bentuk umum jejak daya bilangan bulat positif dari matriks nyata 2x2 nyata untuk n ganjil dan n genap. Trace matrix is ​​the sum of the main diagonal elements of the square matrix. This Paper discusses the trace of positive integer power of real 2x2 special matrices. There are two steps in forming the general shape of the trace matrix. First, determine the general form of (An) and prove it using mathematical induction. Second, determine the general form trace (An) and prove it by direct proof. The results obtained a general shape of trace of positive integer power power of real 2x2 special matrices for n odd and n even.