New Robust Projection to Latent Structure

In many actual nonlinear systems, especially near the equilibrium point, linearity is the primary feature and nonlinearity is the secondary feature. For the system that deviates from the equilibrium point, the secondary nonlinearity or local structure feature can also be regarded as the small uncertainty part, just as the nonlinearity can be used to represent the uncertainty of a system (Wang et al. 2019). So this chapter also focuses on how to deal with the nonlinearity in PLS series method, but starts from an different view, i.e., robust PLS. Here the system nonlinearity is considered as uncertainty and a new robust $$\mathrm{L}_1$$ L 1 -PLS is proposed.

A Novel Numerical Approach in Solving Fractional Neutral Pantograph Equations via the ARA Integral Transform

In this article, a new, attractive method is used to solve fractional neutral pantograph equations (FNPEs). The proposed method, the ARA-Residual Power Series Method (ARA-RPSM), is a combination of the ARA transform and the residual power series method and is implemented to construct series solutions for dispersive fractional differential equations. The convergence analysis of the new method is proven and shown theoretically. To validate the simplicity and applicability of this method, we introduce some examples. For measuring the accuracy of the method, we make a comparison with other methods, such as the Runge–Kutta, Chebyshev polynomial, and variational iterative methods. Finally, the numerical results are demonstrated graphically.

Approximate and Exact Solutions to Fractional Order Cauchy Reaction-Diffusion Equations by New Combine Techniques

In this paper, we present a simple and efficient novel semianalytic method to acquire approximate and exact solutions for the fractional order Cauchy reaction-diffusion equations (CRDEs). The fractional order derivative operator is measured in the Caputo sense. This novel method is based on the combinations of Elzaki transform method (ETM) and residual power series method (RPSM). The proposed method is called Elzaki residual power series method (ERPSM). The proposed method is based on the new form of fractional Taylor’s series, which constructs solution in the form of a convergent series. As in the RPSM, during establishing the coefficients for a series, it is required to compute the fractional derivatives every time. While ERPSM only requires the concept of the limit at zero in establishing the coefficients for the series, consequently scarce calculations give us the coefficients. The recommended method resolves nonlinear problems deprived of utilizing Adomian polynomials or He’s polynomials which is the advantage of this method over Adomain decomposition method (ADM) and homotopy-perturbation method (HTM). To study the effectiveness and reliability of ERPSM for partial differential equations (PDEs), absolute errors of three problems are inspected. In addition, numerical and graphical consequences are also recognized at diverse values of fractional order derivatives. Outcomes demonstrate that our novel method is simple, precise, applicable, and effectual.

The 3-D Image of The Temperature Integral And Its Self-Similarity

How to derive the accurate value of temperature integral is a vital problem for the non-isothermal kinetic analysis. In the past six decades, researchers provided various methods to solve above problem, but the error usually becomes divergent when the value of x (x=Ea/RT) is too small or too large, no matter whether it is a numerical method or an approximation method. In this paper, we present a new series method and elaborately design a computer program to calculate the value of temperature integral. Finally, we reveal the mysterious relationship between the integral, the temperature and the activation energy, and we find an extremely interesting phenomenon that the 3-D image of the temperature integral is of self-similarity according to the fractal theory.

Rational Approximation Method for Stiff Initial Value Problems

While purely numerical methods for solving ordinary differential equations (ODE), e.g., Runge–Kutta methods, are easy to implement, solvers that utilize analytical derivations of the right-hand side of the ODE, such as the Taylor series method, outperform them in many cases. Nevertheless, the Taylor series method is not well-suited for stiff problems since it is explicit and not A-stable. In our paper, we present a numerical-analytical method based on the rational approximation of the ODE solution, which is naturally A- and A(α)-stable. We describe the rational approximation method and consider issues of order, stability, and adaptive step control. Finally, through examples, we prove the superior performance of the rational approximation method when solving highly stiff problems, comparing it with the Taylor series and Runge–Kutta methods of the same accuracy order.

An Accurate Estimation of the Eigenfrequency of an Offshore Wind Turbine Considered as the Stepped Euler-Bernoulli Beam in Three-Spring Flexible Foundation Using the Power Series Method

The present study employs the power series method (PSM) to accurately predict the natural frequencies of eleven offshore wind turbines (OWT). This prediction is very important as it helps in the quick verification of experimental or finite element results. This study idealizes the OWT as a stepped Euler-Bernoulli beam carrying a top mass and connected at its bottom to a flexible foundation. The first part of the beam represents a monopile and the transition piece while its second part is a tower. The foundation is modeled using three springs (lateral, rotational, and cross-coupling springs). This work’s aim is at improving therefore the previous researches, in which the whole wind turbine was taken as a single beam, with a tower being tapered and its wall thickness being negligible compared to its diameter. In order to be closer to real-life OWT, three profiles of the tapered tower are explored: case 1 considers a tower with constant thickness along its height. Case 2 assumes a tower’s thickness being negligible compared to its mean diameter, while case 3 describes the tower as a tapered beam with varying thickness along its height. Next, the calculated natural frequencies are compared to those obtained from measurements. Results reveal that case 2, used by previous researches, was only accurate for OWT with tower wall thickness lower than 15 mm. Frequencies produced in case 3 are the most accurate as the relative error is up to 0.01%, especially for the OWT with thicknesses higher or equal to 15 mm. This case appears to be more realistic as, practically, wall thickness of a wind tower varies with its height. The tower-to-pile thickness ratio is an important design parameter as it highly has impact on the natural frequency of OWT, and must therefore be taken into account during the design as well as lateral and rotational coupling springs.

The Taylor series method of order $p$ and Adams-Bashforth method on time scales

A recent study on the Taylor series method of second order and the trapezoidal rule for dynamic equations on time scales has been continued by introducing a derivation of the Taylor series method of arbitrary order $p$ on time scales. The error and convergence analysis of the method is also obtained. The 2 step Adams-Bashforth method for dynamic equations on time scales is concluded and applied to examples of initial value problems for nonlinear dynamic equations. Numerical results are presented and discussed.