Parasitic nematodes of marine fishes from Palmyra Atoll, East Indo-Pacific, including a new species of Spinitectus (Nematoda, Cystidicolidae)

Here, we present the results of a taxonomic survey of the nematodes parasitizing fishes from the lagoon flats of Palmyra Atoll, Eastern Indo-Pacific. We performed quantitative parasitological surveys of 653 individual fish from each of the 44 species using the intertidal sand flats that border the atoll’s lagoon. We provide morphological descriptions, prevalence, and mean intensities of the recovered seven species of adult nematode (Pulchrascaris chiloscyllii, Capillariidae gen. sp., Cucullanus bourdini, Cucullanus oceaniensis, Pseudascarophis sp., Spinitectus (Paraspinitectus) palmyraensissp. nov., Philometra pellucida) and three larval stages (Pulchrascaris sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Cucullanus sp.). We recorded: Pulchrascaris chiloscyllii from Carcharhinus melanopterus; Capillariidae gen. sp. from Chaetodon lunula, Lutjanus fulvus, and Ellochelon vaigiensis; Cucullanus bourdini from Arothron hispidus; Cucullanus oceaniensis from Abudefduf sordidus; Pseudascarophis sp. from Chaetodon auriga, Chaetodon lunula, and Mulloidichthys flavolineatus; Spinitectus (Paraspinitectus) palmyraensissp. nov. from Albula glossodonta; Philometra pellucida from Arothron hispidus; and three larval forms, Pulchrascaris sp. from Acanthurus triostegus, Acanthurus xanthopterus, Rhinecanthus aculeatus, Platybelone argalus, Carangoides ferdau, Carangoides orthogrammus, Caranx ignobilis, Caranx melampygus, Caranx papuensis, Chaetodon auriga, Chanos chanos, Amblygobius phalaena, Asterropteryx semipunctata, Valencienea sexguttata, Kyphosus cinerascens, Lutjanus fulvus, Lutjanus monostigma, Ellochelon vaigiensis, Mulloidichthys flavolineatus, Upeneus taeniopterus, Gymnothorax pictus, Abudefduf septemfasciatus, Abudefduf sordidus, and Stegastes nigricans; Hysterothylacium sp. type MD from Acanthurus triostegus, Carangoides ferdau, Chaetodon lunula, Chanos chanos, Kyphosus cinerascens, Abudefduf sordidus, and Arothron hispidus; and Cucullanus sp. from Caranx ignobilis. Spinitectus (Paraspinitectus) palmyraensissp. nov. (Cystidicolidae) is described from the intestine of roundjaw bonefish Albula glossodonta. All the nematode species reported in this study represent new geographical records. We discuss how our survey findings compare to other areas of the Indo-Pacific, and the way the relatively numerical dominance of trophically transmitted larval stages likely reflect the intact food web of Palmyra Atoll, which includes a large biomass of large-bodied top predator sharks and ray-finned fishes.

SUMBER DAYA IKAN KARANG DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM GILI MATRA, LOMBOK BARAT

Keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan ikan karang adalah indikator yang baik untuk menilai secara dini adanya dampak pada ekosistem terumbu karang dari sebab kegiatan manusia yang tinggal di sekitar Taman Wisata Alam Laut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengindentifikasi sumber daya ikan karang yang ditinjau dari sisi keanekaragaman jenis, kepadatan individu, komposisi dan biomassa ikan karang dari kelompok fungsional ikan karang. Penelitian dilakukan pada September 2014 dengan metode sensus visual bawah air. Berat ikan didapat dengan cara mensubsitusikan panjang ikan ke rumus panjang berat (W= aXb). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat sedikitnya 27 spesies ikan indikator dan 84 spesies ikan target dari 16 famili. Kelompok ikan herbivora dijumpai 36 spesies dari 3 famili, ikan karnivora dijumpai 43 spesies dari 10 famili dan ikan planktivora 5 spesies dari 3 famili. Urutan dari 10 terbesar ikan karang yang dijumpai terdiri dari Ctenochaetus striatus (13 ekor/350m2), Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (10,25 ekor/350m2), Acanthurus olivaceus (8,4 ekor/350m2), Parupeneus multifasciatus (6,5 ekor/350m2), Myripristis kuntee (5,5 ekor/350m2), Kyphosus cinerascens (5,25 ekor/350m2), Lutjanus kasmira (5,13 ekor/350m2), Acanthurus leucocheilus (4,9 ekor/350m2), Scarus ghobban (4,6 ekor/350m2), Parupeneus bifasciatus (4,6 ekor/350m2). Rata-rata kelimpahan ikan karang tertinggi 0,46 individu/m2 dan terendah 0,06 individu/m2. Rata-rata biomassa ikan karang 81,2 kg/350m2 dan terendah 4,69 kg/350m2. Ikan karang target tersedia 1.126 kg per hektar. Reef fish diversity and abundance are good indicators to assess early for impacts on coral reefs ecosystem resulted from human activities living in the adjacent waters of the Gili Matra Tourism Marine Park. The study objective is to identify reef fish resources with regards to species deversity, density, composition and biomass of reef fish functional groups. The work was carried out in September 2014 with a census visual method. Body weight is derived from putting in fish length to weight-length formula (W=aLb). The results show that there were at least 27 species of coralivorous fishes and 84 species of target fish belong to 16 families. There were 36 herbivorous fishes of three families, 43 carnivorous fishes of ten families, and 5 planktivorous fishes of three families. The ten greatest of reef fish biomass were consisted of Ctenochaetus striatus (13 individual/350m2), Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (10.25 individual/350m2), Acanthurus olivaceus (8.4 individual/350m2), Parupeneus multifasciatus (6.5 individual/350m2), Myripristis kuntee (5.5 individual/350m2), Kyphosus cinerascens (5,25 individual/350m2), Lutjanus kasmira (5.13 individual/350m2), Acanthurus leucocheilus (4.9 individual/350m2), Scarus ghobban (4.6 individual/350m2), Parupeneus bifasciatus (4.6 individual/350m2). The abundance of individual reef fish was ranged from the highest of 0.46 individu/m2 to the lowest of 0.06 individual/m2. The biomass of reef fish was ranged from the highest of 81.2 kg/350m2 to the lowest of 4.69 kg/350m2. The target fish was available for 1.126 kg per hectar.