Language Change in Two Early English Printing Houses: Richard Pynson and Wynkyn de Worde, 1490-1530

<p>The introduction of printing to England in the late fifteenth century dramatically altered the form and function of the written English language, as the production of texts increased exponentially within a very short time period. This shift from manuscript to print is characterised as the beginning of Early Modern English, when standardisation and modernisation of text began in earnest and neared completion by 1700. William Caxton, England’s first printer and an enthusiast of literature, is credited with making genuine efforts towards ‘Standard English’ in his short career; his immediate successors, however, are traditionally regarded as reverting to irregular spelling forms and hindering the process of modernisation and standardisation which was slowly developing in the fifteenth century. The aim of this thesis is to examine the language of two of Caxton’s successors – his former apprentice Wynkyn de Worde, and de Worde’s chief competitor Richard Pynson – for signs of modernisation and standardisation within their works. This is achieved through the close study of ten language forms, both morphological and orthographic, between 1490 and 1530. Thirty-six texts printed by de Worde and Pynson were selected from a variety of genres, including devotional works, sermons, legal texts, travel diaries, histories, and philosophical works, sourced by Pynson and de Worde from medieval manuscripts, contemporary translations, and original compositions, to represent the work of the two printing houses. For each printer, two ten-page samples of two texts were taken from five-year intervals and examined in facsimile, and from this data a number of trends and processes can be identified. Innovative, or modern, variants of the five morphological forms tended to be already common in the first decade of printing, and by 1530 were firmly established, whereas the orthographic forms began to modernise mostly after 1500, and were less regular than the morphological forms studied. Both morphology and orthography within the texts of Pynson and de Worde show clear development away from the forms favoured by Caxton and the Chancery scribes and towards more modern forms. Textual evidence strongly suggests that this trend was due more to the increasingly modern copy-texts of the works produced, and by extension the spelling practices of contemporary writers and translators, rather than concerted efforts of the printing house towards implementing an orthographic standard.</p>

Language Change in Two Early English Printing Houses: Richard Pynson and Wynkyn de Worde, 1490-1530

<p>The introduction of printing to England in the late fifteenth century dramatically altered the form and function of the written English language, as the production of texts increased exponentially within a very short time period. This shift from manuscript to print is characterised as the beginning of Early Modern English, when standardisation and modernisation of text began in earnest and neared completion by 1700. William Caxton, England’s first printer and an enthusiast of literature, is credited with making genuine efforts towards ‘Standard English’ in his short career; his immediate successors, however, are traditionally regarded as reverting to irregular spelling forms and hindering the process of modernisation and standardisation which was slowly developing in the fifteenth century. The aim of this thesis is to examine the language of two of Caxton’s successors – his former apprentice Wynkyn de Worde, and de Worde’s chief competitor Richard Pynson – for signs of modernisation and standardisation within their works. This is achieved through the close study of ten language forms, both morphological and orthographic, between 1490 and 1530. Thirty-six texts printed by de Worde and Pynson were selected from a variety of genres, including devotional works, sermons, legal texts, travel diaries, histories, and philosophical works, sourced by Pynson and de Worde from medieval manuscripts, contemporary translations, and original compositions, to represent the work of the two printing houses. For each printer, two ten-page samples of two texts were taken from five-year intervals and examined in facsimile, and from this data a number of trends and processes can be identified. Innovative, or modern, variants of the five morphological forms tended to be already common in the first decade of printing, and by 1530 were firmly established, whereas the orthographic forms began to modernise mostly after 1500, and were less regular than the morphological forms studied. Both morphology and orthography within the texts of Pynson and de Worde show clear development away from the forms favoured by Caxton and the Chancery scribes and towards more modern forms. Textual evidence strongly suggests that this trend was due more to the increasingly modern copy-texts of the works produced, and by extension the spelling practices of contemporary writers and translators, rather than concerted efforts of the printing house towards implementing an orthographic standard.</p>

Transport behavior-mining from smartphones: a review

Background Although people and smartphones have become almost inseparable, especially during travel, smartphones still represent a small fraction of a complex multi-sensor platform enabling the passive collection of users’ travel behavior. Smartphone-based travel survey data yields the richest perspective on the study of inter- and intrauser behavioral variations. Yet after over a decade of research and field experimentation on such surveys, and despite a consensus in transportation research as to their potential, smartphone-based travel surveys are seldom used on a large scale. Purpose This literature review pinpoints and examines the problems limiting prior research, and exposes drivers to select and rank machine-learning algorithms used for data processing in smartphone-based surveys. Conclusion Our findings show the main physical limitations from a device perspective; the methodological framework deployed for the automatic generation of travel-diaries, from the application perspective; and the relationship among user interaction, methods, and data, from the ground truth perspective.

Glimpse of the Future: Simulating Life with Personally Owned Autonomous Vehicles and Their Implications on Travel Behaviors

To explore potential travel behavior shifts induced by personally owned, fully autonomous vehicles (AVs), we ran an experiment that provided personal chauffeurs to 43 households in the Sacramento region to simulate life with an AV. Like an advanced AV, the chauffeurs took over driving duties. Households were recruited from the 2018 Sacramento household travel survey sample. Sampling was stratified by weekly vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and households were selected to be diverse by demographics, modal preferences, mobility barriers, and residential location. Thirty-four households received 60 h of chauffeur service for 1 week, and nine households received 60 h per week for 2 weeks. Smartphone-based travel diaries were recorded for the chauffeur week(s), 1 week before, and 1 week after. During the chauffeur week, the overall systemwide VMT (summing across all sampled households) increased by 60%, over half of which came from “zero-occupancy vehicle” (ZOV) trips (when the chauffeur was the only occupant). The number of trips made in the system increased by 25%, with ZOV trips accounting for 85% of these additional trips. There was a shift away from transit, ridehailing, biking, and walking trips, which dropped by 70%, 55%, 38%, and 10%, respectively. Households with mobility barriers and those with less auto dependency had the greatest percent increase in VMT, whereas higher VMT households and families with children had the lowest. The results highlight how AVs can enhance mobility, but also caution against the potential detrimental effects on the transportation system and the need to regulate AVs and ZOVs.

Lo spaesamento delle viaggiatrici europee al nord

The displacement of European female Travellers in the North Estrangements in travel writing The present paper focuses on the travel accounts written by four women who decided to visit the European North in mid- and late-Nineteenth century: Ida Laura Pfeiffer’s Visit to Iceland and Scandinavian North (1853), Carla Serena’s Mon voyage personnels: souvenirs De la Baltique à la Mer Caspienne (1881), Ethel Brianna Tweedies’ A girl’s ride in Iceland (1889), and Elisa Cappelli’s In Svezia. Impressioni di viaggio (1902). The aim is to analyse these travel diaries to identify the various forms of displacement and estrangement presented to the readers. The term ‘displacement’ is here to be understood as the condition of the ‘outsider’, the perception of being ‘the Other’, whereas ‘estrangement’ could be considered the reformulation of this awareness. This paper highlights real displacements that derive from social, cultural, geographical, and gender discrepancies adopting a comparative approach, which concentrates on the textual and semantic solutions, also taking into account the interdependence of travel and writing and of space and people. These aspects intertwine with the factual reality of the travel discourse, ultimately leading to both ‘literary’ and ‘existential’ estrangements.

Built Environment Characteristics, Daily Travel, and Biometric Readings: Creation of an Experimental Tool Based on a Smartwatch Platform

Travel surveys can uncover information regarding travel behaviour, needs, and more. Collected information is utilised to make choices when reorganising or planning built environments. Over the years, methods for conducting travel surveys have changed from interviews and forms to automated travel diaries in order to monitor trips made by travellers. With the fast progression of technological advancements, new possibilities for operationalising such travel diaries can be implemented, changing from utilising mobile to wearable devices. Wearable devices are often equipped with sensors which collect continuous biometric data from sources that are not reachable from standard mobile devices. Data collected through wearable devices range from heart rate and blood pressure to temperature and perspiration. This advancement opens new possible layers of information in the collection of travel data. Such biometric data can be used to derive psychophysiological conditions related to cognitive load, which can uncover in-depth knowledge regarding stress and emotions. This paper aims to explore the possibilities of data analysis on the data collected through a software combining travel survey data, such as position and time, with heartrate, to gain knowledge of the implications of such data. The knowledge about the implications of spatial configurations can be used to create more accessible environments.

Bronisława Grąbczewskiego postrzeganie Orientu w aspekcie rozważań postkolonialnych

The relations between Poland and Russia have been significantly affected by national liberation conflicts. After the 1863 January uprising, approximately 40,000 Poles were sent into remote parts of Russia. Bronisław Grąbczewski was a January insurgent’s son for whom history delivered a very different fate. As a young man, he voluntarily joined the tsar’s army, which allowed him to serve far from his motherland. Central Asia was his second home for almost twenty years as he explored it during numerous Russian expeditions, including the two he led himself. Travel diaries are his testimony of these expeditions which show the way he presents the Orient. The analysis of these diaries constitutes excellent material for postcolonial studies.

Pilgrimage Stories at the turn of two eras (travel diaries by Shikhabuddin Marjani and Abdullah Munshi)

The article deals with pilgrimage stories of two prominent Islamic figures, the Malay writer, publisher and teacher Abdullah Munshi (1796/7-1854) and the Tatar theologian and educator Shihabuddin Mardjani (1818-1889). Their Hajj travel diaries dating respectively from 1854 and 1880 allow us to reveal the kinship of their views and interests and the dissimilarity of the cultural and confessional contexts in which they lived and worked. For the Muslims of insular Southeast Asia, an equal problem was both comprehension of the subtleties of the Arabic language, understanding the meanings of the Koran - and mastery of the Malay literary language. There were no schools where both of these subjects would be taught, where religious preaching would go hand in hand with the study of secular disciplines and the achievements of modern science, just as it was practised in the so-called “new method” madrasahs of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, the herald of which was Shihabuddin Mardjani. Until now, the situation in the Malay world has not changed: the “liberal” Islam is opposed to the “literal” Islam, with its inherent rigorism of the Middle Eastern type.