scholarly journals Language Change in Two Early English Printing Houses: Richard Pynson and Wynkyn de Worde, 1490-1530

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alana Cruikshank
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Close Study ◽  
Travel Diaries ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Early English ◽  
And Function ◽  
Short Time

<p>The introduction of printing to England in the late fifteenth century dramatically altered the form and function of the written English language, as the production of texts increased exponentially within a very short time period. This shift from manuscript to print is characterised as the beginning of Early Modern English, when standardisation and modernisation of text began in earnest and neared completion by 1700. William Caxton, England’s first printer and an enthusiast of literature, is credited with making genuine efforts towards ‘Standard English’ in his short career; his immediate successors, however, are traditionally regarded as reverting to irregular spelling forms and hindering the process of modernisation and standardisation which was slowly developing in the fifteenth century. The aim of this thesis is to examine the language of two of Caxton’s successors – his former apprentice Wynkyn de Worde, and de Worde’s chief competitor Richard Pynson – for signs of modernisation and standardisation within their works. This is achieved through the close study of ten language forms, both morphological and orthographic, between 1490 and 1530.  Thirty-six texts printed by de Worde and Pynson were selected from a variety of genres, including devotional works, sermons, legal texts, travel diaries, histories, and philosophical works, sourced by Pynson and de Worde from medieval manuscripts, contemporary translations, and original compositions, to represent the work of the two printing houses. For each printer, two ten-page samples of two texts were taken from five-year intervals and examined in facsimile, and from this data a number of trends and processes can be identified. Innovative, or modern, variants of the five morphological forms tended to be already common in the first decade of printing, and by 1530 were firmly established, whereas the orthographic forms began to modernise mostly after 1500, and were less regular than the morphological forms studied. Both morphology and orthography within the texts of Pynson and de Worde show clear development away from the forms favoured by Caxton and the Chancery scribes and towards more modern forms. Textual evidence strongly suggests that this trend was due more to the increasingly modern copy-texts of the works produced, and by extension the spelling practices of contemporary writers and translators, rather than concerted efforts of the printing house towards implementing an orthographic standard.</p>

scholarly journals Language Change in Two Early English Printing Houses: Richard Pynson and Wynkyn de Worde, 1490-1530

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alana Cruikshank
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Close Study ◽  
Travel Diaries ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Early English ◽  
And Function ◽  
Short Time

<p>The introduction of printing to England in the late fifteenth century dramatically altered the form and function of the written English language, as the production of texts increased exponentially within a very short time period. This shift from manuscript to print is characterised as the beginning of Early Modern English, when standardisation and modernisation of text began in earnest and neared completion by 1700. William Caxton, England’s first printer and an enthusiast of literature, is credited with making genuine efforts towards ‘Standard English’ in his short career; his immediate successors, however, are traditionally regarded as reverting to irregular spelling forms and hindering the process of modernisation and standardisation which was slowly developing in the fifteenth century. The aim of this thesis is to examine the language of two of Caxton’s successors – his former apprentice Wynkyn de Worde, and de Worde’s chief competitor Richard Pynson – for signs of modernisation and standardisation within their works. This is achieved through the close study of ten language forms, both morphological and orthographic, between 1490 and 1530.  Thirty-six texts printed by de Worde and Pynson were selected from a variety of genres, including devotional works, sermons, legal texts, travel diaries, histories, and philosophical works, sourced by Pynson and de Worde from medieval manuscripts, contemporary translations, and original compositions, to represent the work of the two printing houses. For each printer, two ten-page samples of two texts were taken from five-year intervals and examined in facsimile, and from this data a number of trends and processes can be identified. Innovative, or modern, variants of the five morphological forms tended to be already common in the first decade of printing, and by 1530 were firmly established, whereas the orthographic forms began to modernise mostly after 1500, and were less regular than the morphological forms studied. Both morphology and orthography within the texts of Pynson and de Worde show clear development away from the forms favoured by Caxton and the Chancery scribes and towards more modern forms. Textual evidence strongly suggests that this trend was due more to the increasingly modern copy-texts of the works produced, and by extension the spelling practices of contemporary writers and translators, rather than concerted efforts of the printing house towards implementing an orthographic standard.</p>

Sarajevo and the Sarajevo Sephardim

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 892-910
Author(s):  
Jonna Rock
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Jewish Identification ◽  
The Status ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
And Function ◽  
Role And Function ◽  
Shed Light

This article highlights issues pertaining to the Sephardim ([-im] is the masculine plural Hebrew ending and Sepharad is the Hebrew name for Spain. Sephardim thus literally means the Jews of Spain) in Sarajevo from the time of their arrival in the Ottoman Empire in the late fifteenth century until the present day. I describe the status quo for the Sephardi minority in post-Ottoman Sarajevo, in the first and second Yugoslavia, and in today's post-Communist Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The objective is to shed light on how historic preconditions have influenced identity formation as it expresses itself from a Sephardic perspective. The aim is moreover to generate knowledge of the circumstances that affected how Sephardim came to understand themselves in terms of their Jewish identification. I present empirical findings from my semi-structured interviews with Sarajevo Sephardim of different generations (2015 and 2016). I argue that while none of the interlocutors conceive of Jewish identification as divergent from halachic interpretations of matrilineal descent, they moreover propose other conceptions of what it means to be Jewish, such as celebrating Shabbat and other Jewish holidays, and other patterns of socialization. At the same time, these individuals also assert alternative forms of being Bosnian, one that includes multiple ethnicities, and multiple religious ascriptions. This study elucidates a little-explored history and sheds light on the ways in which historical conditions have shaped contemporary, layered framings of identification among Sarajevo's current Jewish population. This article is relevant for those interested in contemporary Sephardic Bosnian culture and in the role and function of ideology in creating conditions for identity formation and transformation.

scholarly journals Proper names as a part of telescopic nomination in English-language publicistic texts of the modern mass media

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Mikhailovna Volova ◽  
Yuliya Sergeevna Vasil'eva
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
English Language ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Mass Media ◽  
Modern Mass ◽  
And Function

This article examines the telescopic nominations as a peculiar type of tropeic utilization of proper names, in which anthroponyms are used as the foundation from the perspective of the method of introduction into a publicistic text, as well as specificities of their functionality within modern English-language mass media. It is demonstrated that telescopy as a special type of abbreviation is one of the most productive means of enrichment of the mass media language, as telescopic nominations in publicistic texts combine high expressiveness and informativeness of provided material. This article analyzes the form and function of onyms as a part of telescopic nominations in modern English-language publicistic culture. It is established that in the modern English, telescopic nominations represent a rapidly growing layer of the lexicon, confirmed by the active use of this word-forming model that includes proper names. The scientific novelty of the research consists in a comprehensive lexical stylistic analysis of the process of formation and proliferation of the linguistic novelties, peculiarities of their application in speech, as well as character and dynamics of the global linguistic processes. The practical importance of the acquired results lies in the fact that they can be used within the framework of teaching such disciplines lexicology, linguoculturology, stylistics, as well as creation of textbooks on these disciplines.

Israel Zangwill, or ‘The Jewish Dickens’: Representing Minority Communities in Novel and Newspaper

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-166
Author(s):  
Jessica R. Valdez
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
English Language ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Daniel Deronda ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Israel Zangwill ◽  
Sense Of Time ◽  
A Minor ◽  
And Function

This chapter examines how the newspaper participates in novelistic depictions of late nineteenth-century Anglo-Jewishness, with a focus on Israel Zangwill’s 1892 novel, Children of the Ghetto: A Study of a Peculiar People (1892) and George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda (1876). The dominant nineteenth-century Jewish newspaper, The Jewish Chronicle, sought to accommodate its readers and to represent a unified Jewish community to the larger national public; however, Jewish print culture more broadly was politically, culturally, and linguistically diverse. Acknowledging the centrality of newspapers to the Jewish community Zangwill dramatises the limitations of newspaper form and function to the cultivation of a broader affective attachment. In Children of the Ghetto, Zangwill contrasts the representative potential of novelistic realism with the English-language Orthodox newspaper, The Flag of Judah, which only imperfectly fosters an Anglo-Jewish community. The newspaper’s regularity and routinised labor dull its editor’s sense of time and weakens his affective attachment to other members of his community. In contrast, novelistic realism enables Zangwill to convey the complex feelings that the Jewish ghetto elicits in the protagonist and novelist Esther Ansell. The newspaper looks like a form conducive to affective connections only when it is repurposed by readers and made to work more like a novel. This chapter also argues that Israel Zangwill reworks Eliot’s novelistic approaches to community in Children of the Ghetto. Whereas Daniel Deronda concludes with Deronda’s yearning towards Palestine and a nation for his people, Children of the Ghetto valorises the idea of the Jewish ghetto as a place of nostalgia, a setting that fosters affective attachment based not in anonymous communal imaginings but in lived and material proximity. Zangwill’s novel dramatises the difficulties in creating a minor community within a larger national community, and the extent to which form matters in how that community is envisioned.

scholarly journals Rapid changes in gene expression direct rapid shifts in intestinal form and function in the Burmese python after feeding

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audra L. Andrew ◽  
Daren C. Card ◽  
Robert P. Ruggiero ◽  
Drew R. Schield ◽  
Richard H. Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Intestinal Function ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Extreme Responses

Snakes provide a unique and valuable model system for studying the extremes of physiological remodeling because of the ability of some species to rapidly upregulate organ form and function upon feeding. The predominant model species used to study such extreme responses has been the Burmese python because of the extreme nature of postfeeding response in this species. We analyzed the Burmese python intestine across a time series, before, during, and after feeding to understand the patterns and timing of changes in gene expression and their relationship to changes in intestinal form and function upon feeding. Our results indicate that >2,000 genes show significant changes in expression in the small intestine following feeding, including genes involved in intestinal morphology and function (e.g., hydrolases, microvillus proteins, trafficking and transport proteins), as well as genes involved in cell division and apoptosis. Extensive changes in gene expression occur surprisingly rapidly, within the first 6 h of feeding, coincide with changes in intestinal morphology, and effectively return to prefeeding levels within 10 days. Collectively, our results provide an unprecedented portrait of parallel changes in gene expression and intestinal morphology and physiology on a scale that is extreme both in the magnitude of changes, as well as in the incredibly short time frame of these changes, with up- and downregulation of expression and function occurring in the span of 10 days. Our results also identify conserved vertebrate signaling pathways that modulate these responses, which may suggest pathways for therapeutic modulation of intestinal function in humans.

scholarly journals English as a We-Code: form and Function of English in Facebook Status Updates of Non-Native Female and Male Users

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-252
Author(s):  
Marta Dąbrowska
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
English Language ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Gender Preferences ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Popular Language ◽  
And Function

The English language has featured markedly as a popular language of computer-mediated communication, and notably of Facebook posts, written not only by native or second language speakers, but also users of English as a foreign language. The aim of this paper is to investigate the frequency, form and function of English language Facebook profile updates of 110 (55 women and 55 men) users of English representing 41 European, Asian, African and Latin American countries belonging to the Expanding Circle. Approached from the point of view of the code choice as well as the users’ gender, and supported by an online survey data, the study analyses in detail the form of the updates in connection with gender preferences and identifies language contexts and functions users choose to express themselves in English as opposed to their native tongue, thereby demonstrating the role of English as a we-code in a social networking service.

Teaching Stylistics: Analysing Cohesion and Narrative Structure in a Short Story by Ernest Hemingway

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
English Language ◽  
Ernest Hemingway ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
University Department ◽  
And Function

The main aim of this article is to propose an exercise in stylistic analysis which can be employed in the teaching of English language. It details the design and results of a workshop activity on narrative carried out with undergraduates in a university department of English. The methods proposed are intended to enable students to obtain insights into aspects of cohesion and narrative structure; insights, it is suggested, which are not as readily obtainable through more traditional techniques of stylistic analysis. The text chosen for analysis is a short story by Ernest Hemingway comprising only 11 sentences. A jumbled version of this story is presented to students who are asked to assemble a cohesive and well-formed version of the story. Their (re)constructions are then compared with the original Hemingway version. Much interest, it is argued, lies in the ways in which the students justify their own versions in terms of their expectations about well-formedness in narrative. The activity is also intended to encourage students to see literary texts as a valuable means of providing insights into the subtleties of linguistic form and function.

The Oxford History of the Novel in English

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Popular Fiction ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Prose Fiction ◽  
History Of The Novel ◽  
Production Distribution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Fifteenth

This book is the first volume in a twelve-volume series presenting a history of English-language prose fiction. The titles in this series are concerned with novels as a whole, not just the ‘literary’ novel, and each volume includes chapters on the processes of production, distribution, and reception, and on popular fiction and the fictional sub-genres, as well as outlining the work of major novelists, movements, traditions, and tendencies. This book explores the long period between the origins of printing in late fifteenth-century England and the establishment of the novel as a recognized, reputable genre in the mid-eighteenth century. Later chapters in the volume provide original, authoritative accounts of innovations by the major canonical authors, notably Defoe, Richardson, and Fielding, who have traditionally been seen as pioneering ‘the rise of the novel’, in Ian Watt's famous phrase. With its extended chronological and geographical range, however, the volume also contextualizes these eighteenth-century developments in revelatory new ways, to provide a fresh, bold, and comprehensive account of the richness and variety of fictional traditions as they developed over two and a half centuries.

scholarly journals EXAMINING INSTITUTIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROGRAM: ENGLISH TEACHER’S PERSPECTIVES AND PRACTICES

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Anthony Porras
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Single Case ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Language Program ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Teacher Beliefs And Practices ◽  
And Function ◽  
Teaching Grammar

The issue of what the role of grammar is and how it should be taught is still considered a dilemma among English teachers. Though various schools of thought and methodologies were discovered, the convincing postulations and effective practices in language learning are still in constant exploration. As an attempt to alleviate this dilemma, this research aims to identify teacher beliefs and practices when it comes to grammar. Utilizing a single case study method, perspectives and methodologies were studied from an English teacher in the Philippines. Findings revealed that grammar was still an important aspect in the language learning and teaching. However, fluency was greatly emphasized over accuracy. In practice, Communicative Language Teaching was the most commonly observed method utilized in teaching grammar. It is suggested that there should be a balance between form and function aspects of teaching grammar.

Potential World

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-149
Author(s):  
Lamia Balafrej
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
Social Gathering ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
And Function

Chapter 2 examines the representation of epigraphic inscriptions in Persian painting, inscriptions that appeared in pictures as ornaments adorning buildings. It argues for a shift in these inscriptions’ content and function in the late Timurid period. Until the mid-fifteenth century, inscriptions were mainly used to link painting to patron. But in the Cairo Bustan, the poetic verses were chosen so as to convey a celebration of the painter. As such they constitute an example of wasf (ekphrasis), a description of the visual that was also a discourse of praise. Moreover, the verses were picked from the poetry of ‘Abd al-Rahman Jami, a late fifteenth-century poet. The inscriptions thus staged a model for the pictures’ reception, a model in which the painting would circulate among famous poets such as Jami, prompting responses about the medium and its makers. A possible institutional setting for such a scenario was the majlis, a form of social gathering that fuelled the art of jawab (response).

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