STUDY OF CONDITIONALITY AND IMMANENCE OF PROPER NAMES OF NEWLY BUILT HOUSING ESTATES IN THE LVIV URBAN ENVIRONMENT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY (based on the semiotic triangle method)

The study classifies proper names of housing estates (HE) in Lviv according to certain phenomena, images, symbols. The iconic, indexical, conventional relations of the architecture of HE are revealed as a sign-vehicle to its referent which is declared in its own name through the pyramidal structure of the semiotic triangle. The problem of conditionality and immanence of one's proper name concerning the architectural image of the HE is highlighted.

On the Aromaticity and 13C-NMR Pattern of Pentagonal-Pyramidal Hexamethylbenzene Dication [C6(CH3)6]2+: A {C5(CH3)5}−–{CCH3}3+ Aggregate

The experimentally characterized hexamethylbenzene dication C6(CH3)62+ shows a pentagonal-pyramidal structure involving a carbon-capped five-membered ring. The structural characterization of this hypercoordination (or hypervalency) gives rise if the aromatic behavior remains in the resulting pentagon ring. Here, we investigated the induced magnetic field of C6(CH3)62+ to gain a deeper understanding of the resulting non-classical structural situation in a representative pentagonal-pyramidal structure. Our results support the view of a C5(CH3)5−/CCH33+ structure, depicting a π-aromatic pentamethylcyclopentadienyl anion with a 6π-electron kernel, with a capped carbon which does not decrease the characteristic shielding cone property of the aromatic ring. Hence, carbon-capped rings are suggested to retain the aromatic behavior from the former aromatic ring. We expect that the analysis of both the overall magnetic response and NMR chemical shifts may be informative to unravel the characteristic patterns in the formation of hypervalent carbon atoms involving non-classical chemical environments.

The orbit and its contents

The function of the orbit is to protect and accommodate the globe in order to maximise its function. The bony orbits are paired four-sided conical cavities within the skull each comprising seven bones – ranging from the paper thin ethmoid and lacrimal plate medially to the buttress thick zygoma laterally. The conical shape consists of an apex posteriorly and a base anteriorly forming the outer margin. The medial wall and floor begin to blend towards the apex forming a posteromedial bulge as the orbit takes on a three-walled pyramidal structure. The walls are lined by periosteum (periorbita), which is continuous with the periosteal layer of the dura mater at the apex, the orbital septa and the fascial sheaths of the extraocular muscles. There are five principal openings of the orbit – three principal foramina located at the apex that transmit the neurovascular supply of the orbit and two lesser foramina located on the medial wall.

THE DIALOGUE BETWEEN SOLOIST AND ORCHESTRA WITHIN THE CONCERTO PRESENTED THROUGH PEIRCE'S “THEORY OF SIGNS”

The dichotomy between individualism and collectivism, deeply rooted in the development of social life, reflects an anthropological aspect that is also reflected in the art of music. This opposition, which is manifested through the relationship between the soloist and the orchestra within the concerto, is one of its main genre features. It survives despite all the changes that have taken place throughout history, but it is still subject to modifications. However, the role of these entities, apart from the style of the epoch, was also influenced by the composer`s personal style which must also be taken into account when considering the work from any point of view. The proposal to apply the method of Charles Peirce's “Theory of Signs” is to help to elucidate the meanings that this type of dialogue produces and which are hierarchically arranged and positioned within the pyramidal structure. Accordingly, the theme of the paper aims at showing the relationship between the soloist and the orchestra, showing what their function is within the concerto, as well as how their roles have changed throughout the change of epochs in history and the meaning this type of dialogue conveys.

AFM study of changes in properties of horseradish peroxidase after incubation of its solution near a pyramidal structure

In our present paper, the influence of a pyramidal structure on physicochemical properties of a protein in buffer solution has been studied. The pyramidal structure employed herein was similar to those produced industrially for anechoic chambers. Pyramidal structures are also used as elements of biosensors. Herein, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme was used as a model protein. HRP macromolecules were adsorbed from their solution onto an atomically smooth mica substrate, and then visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). In parallel, the enzymatic activity of HRP was estimated by conventional spectrophotometry. Additionally, attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) has been employed in order to find out whether or not the protein secondary structure changes after the incubation of its solution either near the apex of a pyramid or in the center of its base. Using AFM, we have demonstrated that the incubation of the protein solution either in the vicinity of the pyramid’s apex or in the center of its base influences the physicochemical properties of the protein macromolecules. Namely, the incubation of the HRP solution in the vicinity of the top of the pyramidal structure has been shown to lead to an increase in the efficiency of the HRP adsorption onto mica. Moreover, after the incubation of the HRP solution either near the top of the pyramid or in the center of its base, the HRP macromolecules adsorb onto the mica surface predominantly in monomeric form. At that, the enzymatic activity of HRP does not change. The results of our present study are useful to be taken into account in the development of novel biosensor devices (including those for the diagnosis of cancer in humans), in which pyramidal structures are employed as sensor, noise suppression or construction elements.

Effects of modular platforms on suppliers companies: evidence from Volkswagen Polo manufacturing in Navarra (Spain)

PurposeThis paper analyzes the effects on local suppliers of the adoption of a modular platform, taking into account different supply-chain relations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors’ research follows an interpretive case study methodology based on a theoretical approach that seeks to validate the approach while making conclusions about the case study.FindingsThe traditional pyramidal structure of automotive supply chains has been altered by the consolidation of a much more complex structure, mostly in spatial and geographical terms. The authors find a strong hierarchy resulting from the reinforced market power of the carmaker under study and the respective fragile structural positioning of logistics companies and pre-assemblers. The increased versatility of the assembly plant, considered a consequence of its transition to modular platforms, finds a counterpart in the necessary re-configuration of certain supply relationships.Originality/valueThe main contribution of the paper is to connect the defining elements of supply-chain relations with those technical and organizational changes associated with the transition to modular platforms, as well as to analyze changes in the pyramidal structure of the supply chain, from both a spatial and relational perspective.