How Is Watching Done?

The process of surveillance has changed over time, as the object of surveillance—the narratives—have evolved. The primary mechanism of surveillance involved studying the analog body by watching the activities that the body performed. As such, the visual process, using cameras of different capabilities, has been a key way for watching. With the increasing digitization, the watching has relied on methods that capture the data about institutions and people.

The First of All Natural Sciences: Roger Bacon on Perspectiva and Human Knowledge

This article is devoted to Roger Bacon’s understanding of perspectiva as “the first of all natural sciences.” After considering a few alternative medieval definitions and classifications of this discipline – such as al-Fārābī’s, Grosseteste’s and Kilwardby’s – the author turns to Bacon’s arguments for according to perspectiva so exceptional a role. He shows that Bacon’s arguments are grounded in his peculiar understanding of the visual process: according to Bacon, vision is indeed the only sense in which perception takes place “by reasoning” (per sillogismum). The author argues that this theory of perception also lays the foundations for Bacon’s – prima facie amiss – claim that “concerning vision alone, and no other sense, have philosophers developed a separate science.” The author explores this point by contrasting with one another Bacon’s conception of perspectiva and of music, and closes with some more general remarks on the implications of Bacon’s account of the visual process for his theory of knowledge. Based on his theory of a “vision by reasoning,” the author concludes that Bacon came to reinterpret perspectiva as the organon of visual knowledge.

The Visual Culture of Revelation: Visions and the Images that Reveal Them

It is often thought that since remote, rare, and ephemeral events such as apparitions are not available to the direct observation of scholars, the question of their nature as events must be set aside in scholarly inquiry. This results in a focus on meaning that can ignore the qualities of the event as reported and as apprehended by devotional imagery that emerges over time to provide access to the event and its relevance for devotional practice. It also encourages concepts of revelation that are not able to consider the event as a visual form of experience and regard revelation itself as something that must be either true or false. This essay proceeds otherwise, arguing that revelation is not a single, closed event, but an ongoing visual process in which sketchy schemata interact with fixed imagery to interpret the event in an ongoing history of iconography and visual interpretation. The essay focuses on the visuality of devotion to Our Lady of Fátima as a case study in how seeing works and imagery functions to make revelation a visual process whose devotional life is ongoing.

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam Berbasis Audio Visual Terintegrasi Kearifan Lokal Di Sekolah Dasar

The purpose of this scientific essay is 1) to find out how the media development of the procedure of ablution is an audio-based visual process integrated local wisdom in the grade II students of SDN 161 Lampuawa Regency of North Luwu. 2) to know how Kevaliand Media Learning Ordinance ablution Audio-based visual process integrated local wisdom. 3) to find out how the effectiveness of learning procedures of ablution-based audio visuals integrated local wisdom. This research method uses Research & Development to develop products using 4-D development model consisting of four phases: define, design, develop, and disseminate. In research conducted three stages, namely to develop because of limited time and cost. The test subject is a grade II student totalling 28 students. Data collection techniques used validation sheets, interviews, field note sheets. Analysis of the data used to test its valid using Aiken's formula. Based on the results of the analysis obtained the validity of learning media for 0.78 included in the valid and effective category. The effectiveness of learning media is based on the results of field notes during the learning process that the researchers have had that students respond well to learning using developed media.