A pilot study on the prevalence of lice in Irish beef cattle and the first Irish report of deltamethrin tolerance in Bovicola bovis

Background Pediculosis in cattle causes significant itching, irritation and stress to the animal, often resulting in skin damage and poor coat condition. The control of bovine pediculosis in Ireland is based predominantly on commercial insecticides belonging to one of two chemical classes, the synthetic pyrethroids and the macrocyclic lactones. In recent years, pyrethroid tolerance has been reported in a number of species of livestock lice in the United Kingdom and Australia. Results In this pilot survey, lice were detected in 16 (94%) out of 17 herds visited. Two species of lice, Bovicola bovis and Linognathus vituli were identified. In vitro contact bioassays showed evidence of deltamethrin tolerance in Bovicola bovis collected from 4 farms. This was confirmed by repeatedly assessing louse infestations on treated animals on one farm. Conclusions To our knowledge this is the first record of insecticide tolerant populations of lice in Irish cattle. The results also provide new data on the species of lice infesting beef cattle in Ireland and the prevalence and control of louse infestations in Irish beef cattle herds.

КЛІНІКО-ЕПІЗООТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПЕРЕБІГУ ЕКТОПАРАЗИТОЗІВ У ВЕЛИКОЇ РОГАТОЇ ХУДОБИ

Серед актуальних проблем розвитку сучасного скотарства вагому роль відіграють паразитарнізахворювання. У статті представлена проблема ектопаразитозів великої рогатої худоби в Сумськійобласті. На думку вітчизняних та зарубіжних вчених, основні економічні збитки, нанесені ектопара-зитами, зумовлені зниженням середньодобового приросту маси тіла молодняку та недоотриманням молока в період льоту комах. Метою нашої роботи було визначити поширення ектопаразитозів великої рогатої худоби у дрібних фермерських господарствах Сумської області та з’ясувати їхні клініко-епізоотичні особливості. За результатами проведених досліджень виявлено поширення гіпо-дермозу й сифункулятозу, екстенсивність яких у середньому становила 8,20 та 21,69 % відповідно, хвороби були спричинені збудниками Hypoderma bovis та H. lineatum й Linognathus vituli та Haema-topinus eurysternus відповідно. Під час клінічного обстеження тварин, хворих на гіподермоз, в літню пору року на волосяному покриві виявляли яйця підшкірних оводів. У місцях проникнення личинок під шкіру спостерігався свербіж, набряки підшкірної клітковини, болючість. У деяких тварин – пору-шення координації рухів. Під шкірою вздовж хребта ідентифікували жовна. В центрі їх були утво-рені отвори – норицеві ходи, з яких виділявся серозний, подекуди серозно-гнійний ексудат. За наявності сифункулятозної інвазії у тварин спостерігали свербіж, розчоси шкіри, локальне облисіння й дерматит, на шкірі були помітні краплі присохлої крові. Варто зазначити, що в умовах дрібних фермерських господарств Сумської області виявлені захворювання мали виражену вікову динаміку. Найбільшого ураження (16,67 %) на гіподермоз зазнавали тварини у віці від 1 до 2 років, а найниж-чого (2,17 %) – молодняк віком до 1 року. За наявності сифункулятозів, спричинених збудниками Linognathus vituli та Haematopinus eurysternus, найчастіше вражався молодняк віком до 1 року, де показник екстенсивності інвазії становив 33,70 %, а найменше – тварини віком старше 5 років з показником ураженості 10,48 %. Отримані дані мають надзвичайно важливе практичне значення, адже дають змогу практикуючим лікарям ветеринарної медицини здійснювати планування лікувально-профілактичних заходів, зважаючи на особливості перебігу хвороб у різних вікових груп тварин.

Efficacy evaluation of methanolic extracts of Calpurnia aurea and Schinus molle plants against the cattle lice Linognathus vitulli

Background Ectoparasites of livestock in general and lice in particular pose serious economic losses to the farmer, the tanning industry, and the country as a whole. Although the treatment of ectoparasites have been attempted by various chemical agents, the efficacy of the agents hampered by the development of drug resistance. Thus, Ethnoveterinary botanicals are an alternative control strategy for being sustainable and ecologically sound. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the louscidal activity of crude methanolic extracts of Calpurnea aurea and Schinus molle plants against the cattle lice, Linognathus vituli using the in vitro Adult Immersion Test (AIT). Six graded concentrations of the crude extracts, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml, were tested at different time intervals, and temporal changes in tick viability were recorded for 24 hours. Results After 24hrs post-exposure, two higher concentrations (200 and 100 mg/ml) of C. aurea extract caused 100±0.0% and 96.6±3.3% lice mortality, whereas S. molle extract caused 90±5.7% and 83.3±3.3% mortality, respectively. Louscidal activity varies with the type of plant extract, concentration and exposure time. After 24 hours of exposure to the extracts, the highest mortality was recorded for extracts from C. aurea with LC50 values of 8.83 mg/ml compared to S.molle with LC50 values of 16.68 mg/ml. Conclusions The louscidal activity of the plant extracts increases with increasing exposure time and concentration as well. Thus, the plant extracts could be used against Linognatus vituli as a potential alternative for the control of lice. Keywords: Calpurnea aurea, Ethnoveterinary, lice, Adult Immersion Test, Schinus molle

Cattle infestation by lice in Northern Tunisia

The reported study was carried out from October 2014 to January 2015 and involved 622 cattle belonging to a dairy farm in North Tunisia. Each animal was examined once for the presence of lice. The infestation prevalence was estimated at 14.3% (89/622). Three louse species were collected: Linognathus vituli (2.7%), Haematopinus eurysternus (11.4%) and Bovicola bovis (0.8%). The co-infestation prevalence was 0.6% and concerned only B. bovis and L. vituli, collected from four calves (three males and one female). Calves were infested by the three species, L. vituli (17.5%), B. bovis (5.2%) and H. eurysternus (1.0%), whereas adults were only infested by H. eurysternus (13.3%). All H. eurysternus parasites were found on the tail of the animals, whereas L. vituli was present on the whole body. B. bovis infested the anterior body parts, mainly the dorsal region (60%) (p < 0.05). Clinical signs were observed only in calves under six months. The infested calves showed pruritus (63%) and depilation (37%).

Prevalence of ectoparasites in cattle (Bos indicus) of Jessore, Bangladesh

A study was carried out on 60 cattle and 34 (56.66%) were found infested with ticks and lice. Mean parasitic burden was 2.26 ± 0.37 per square inches in cattle. Two species of arachnids, Haemaphysalis bispinosa (31.66%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (28.33%) lice, Linognathus vituli (23.33%) were identified. Mean parasitic burden was high in case of R. sanguineus (4.33 ± 0.48) followed by H. bispinosa (2.89 ± 0.62) and least in L. vituli (1.28 ± 0.16). Prevalence of ectoparasites were relatively higher in young animals aged > 1 - 3 year (66.66%) followed by in calf aged ± 1 year (50%) and lowest in adult aged > 3 year (44.44%) in cattle. The mean parasitic burden was higher in case of young (2.8±0.60) followed by adults (1.75 ± 0. 41) and calves (1.5 ± 0.34). Infestation was higher in female (64.10%) than the male (42.85%). Prevalence of ectoparasites were relatively higher in summer (75%) followed by in winter (55%) and lowest in rainy season (40%). The mean parasitic burden was highest in summer (1.93 ± 0.64) followed by in winter (1.72 ± 0.54) and lowest in rainy season (1.5 ± 0.50). Bangladesh J. Zool. 46(2): 137-145, 2018

Seasonal prevalence of arthropoda and helminth parasites in sheep (Ovis aries

The present investigation was carried out to determine the prevalence of arthropoda and helminth parasites in sheep at Azimpur, Dhaka during February, 2012 to January, 2013. A Total of 60 hosts were examined and about 71.67% sheep were found to be infested with arthropod parasites. In sheep two species of arthropod parasites, Linognathus vituli (61.67%) and Damalinia caprae (68.33%) were identified as ecto-parasites. The prevalence of ectoparasites was higher during summer (85%), followed by winter (75%) and rainy (55%). The higher intensity was also recorded in summer (325.17±1.92). Lambs were found more susceptible (85.71%) than adult (80.95%) and young (56%) sheep and higher in female (77.27%) than in male (68.42%). Twelve species of helminth parasites were identified, of them, 3 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 6 nematodes, highest prevalence was shown by Strongyloides sp (71.67%) and lowest by Dictyocaulus sp. (3.33%); found comparatively higher in adults (85.71%) than in young (80%) and 28% in lambs. The male sheeps were more susceptible (81.58%) to helminth infection than female (72.73%). Prevalence of helminthes was found higher in winter (95%) season. The value of co-efficient of correlation between the prevalence and intensity of infestation of ectoparasites and helminth parasites in sheep were 0.95 and 0.978 respectively. In both cases these two variables differed significantly (P<0.01).Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(1): 45-55, 2014