scholarly journals A pilot study on the prevalence of lice in Irish beef cattle and the first Irish report of deltamethrin tolerance in Bovicola bovis

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Mckiernan ◽  
Jack O’Connor ◽  
William Minchin ◽  
Edward O’Riordan ◽  
Alan Dillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
First Record ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Macrocyclic Lactones ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Linognathus Vituli ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Pediculosis in cattle causes significant itching, irritation and stress to the animal, often resulting in skin damage and poor coat condition. The control of bovine pediculosis in Ireland is based predominantly on commercial insecticides belonging to one of two chemical classes, the synthetic pyrethroids and the macrocyclic lactones. In recent years, pyrethroid tolerance has been reported in a number of species of livestock lice in the United Kingdom and Australia. Results In this pilot survey, lice were detected in 16 (94%) out of 17 herds visited. Two species of lice, Bovicola bovis and Linognathus vituli were identified. In vitro contact bioassays showed evidence of deltamethrin tolerance in Bovicola bovis collected from 4 farms. This was confirmed by repeatedly assessing louse infestations on treated animals on one farm. Conclusions To our knowledge this is the first record of insecticide tolerant populations of lice in Irish cattle. The results also provide new data on the species of lice infesting beef cattle in Ireland and the prevalence and control of louse infestations in Irish beef cattle herds.

Effect of Ultrasound on the Fetus

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 228-253
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Human Fetus ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Childhood Malignancy ◽  
Ultrasonic Examination ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Dna Alterations ◽  
And Control

The question of adverse effects of ultrasonic examination upon the human fetus continues to be explored. The impetus for these investigations comes from animal or in vitro cellular studies showing a reduction of weight and size and DNA alterations in mice litters exposed to ultrasound. Human studies to date have failed to reveal any comparable results. These two articles explore whether there is a positive correlation between fetal ultrasonic examination and/or monitoring and subsequent development of childhood malignancy. The first study reports comparison of histories from 1,731 children who died of cancer in the United Kingdom between 1972 and 1981 with age-matched control children for exposure. Six percent of both case and control children had had ultrasonic exposure.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Efficacy of Acaricides Used to Control the Cattle Tick,Rhipicephalus microplus, in Dairy Herds Raised in the Brazilian Southwestern Amazon

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana G. Brito ◽  
Fábio S. Barbieri ◽  
Rodrigo B. Rocha ◽  
Márcia C. S. Oliveira ◽  
Elisana Sales Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Rhipicephalus Microplus ◽  
The State ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Macrocyclic Lactones

The adult immersion test (AIT) was used to evaluate the efficacy of acaricide molecules used for control ofRhipicephalus micropluson 106 populations collected in five municipalities in the state of Rondônia in the Brazilian South Occidental Amazon region. The analysis of the data showed that the acaricide formulations had different efficacies on the tick populations surveyed. The synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) acaricides were the least effective (48.35–76.84%), followed by SP + organophosphate (OP) associations (68.91–81.47%) and amidine (51.35–100%). For the macrocyclic lactones (MLs), the milbemycin (94.84–100%) was the most effective, followed by spinosad (93.21–100%) and the avermectins (81.34–100%). The phenylpyrazole (PZ) group had similar efficacy (99.90%) to the MLs. Therefore, SP acaricides, including associations with OP, and formulations based on amidine presented low in vitro efficacy to control theR. micropluspopulations surveyed.

scholarly journals Stage-dependent effect of deferoxamine on growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro

Blood ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1250-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Whitehead ◽  
TE Peto
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Clinical Malaria ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
And Control ◽  
Speed Of Onset

Abstract Deferoxamine (DF) has antimalarial activity that can be demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. This study is designed to examine the speed of onset and stage dependency of growth inhibition by DF and to determine whether its antimalarial activity is cytostatic or cytocidal. Growth inhibition was assessed by suppression of hypoxanthine incorporation and differences in morphologic appearance between treated and control parasites. Using synchronized in vitro cultures of Plasmodium falciparum, growth inhibition by DF was detected within a single parasite cycle. Ring and nonpigmented trophozoite stages were sensitive to the inhibitory effect of DF but cytostatic antimalarial activity was suggested by evidence of parasite recovery in later cycles. However, profound growth inhibition, with no evidence of subsequent recovery, occurred when pigmented trophozoites and early schizonts were exposed to DF. At this stage in parasite development, the activity of DF was cytocidal and furthermore, the critical period of exposure may be as short as 6 hours. These observations suggest that iron chelators may have a role in the treatment of clinical malaria.

scholarly journals RIC in COVID-19—a Clinical Trial to Investigate Whether Remote Ischemic Conditioning (RIC) Can Prevent Deterioration to Critical Care in Patients with COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean M. Davidson ◽  
Kishal Lukhna ◽  
Diana A. Gorog ◽  
Alan D. Salama ◽  
Alejandro Rosell Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Remote Ischemic Conditioning ◽  
Ischemic Conditioning ◽  
The United Kingdom

Abstract Purpose Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has, to date, been diagnosed in over 130 million persons worldwide and is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several variants of concern have emerged including those in the United Kingdom, South Africa, and Brazil. SARS-CoV-2 can cause a dysregulated inflammatory response known as a cytokine storm, which can progress rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure, and death. Suppressing these cytokine elevations may be key to improving outcomes. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a simple, non-invasive procedure whereby a blood pressure cuff is inflated and deflated on the upper arm for several cycles. “RIC in COVID-19” is a pilot, multi-center, randomized clinical trial, designed to ascertain whether RIC suppresses inflammatory cytokine production. Methods A minimum of 55 adult patients with diagnosed COVID-19, but not of critical status, will be enrolled from centers in the United Kingdom, Brazil, and South Africa. RIC will be administered daily for up to 15 days. The primary outcome is the level of inflammatory cytokines that are involved in the cytokine storm that can occur following SARS-CoV-2 infection. The secondary endpoint is the time between admission and until intensive care admission or death. The in vitro cytotoxicity of patient blood will also be assessed using primary human cardiac endothelial cells. Conclusions The results of this pilot study will provide initial evidence on the ability of RIC to suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines in the setting of COVID-19. Trial Registration NCT04699227, registered January 7th, 2021.

scholarly journals Structural comparison of CD163 SRCR5 from different species sheds some light on its involvement in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 infection in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongfang Ma ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
Longguang Jiang ◽  
Songlin Qiao ◽  
Xin-xin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scavenger Receptor ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Rich Domain ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

AbstractPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious disease burdening global swine industry. Infection by its etiological agent, PRRS virus (PRRSV), shows a highly restricted tropism of host cells and has been demonstrated to be mediated by an essential scavenger receptor (SR) CD163. CD163 fifth SR cysteine-rich domain (SRCR5) is further proven to play a crucial role during viral infection. Despite intense research, the involvement of CD163 SRCR5 in PRRSV infection remains to be elucidated. In the current study, we prepared recombinant monkey CD163 (moCD163) SRCR5 and human CD163-like homolog (hCD163L1) SRCR8, and determined their crystal structures. After comparison with the previously reported crystal structure of porcine CD163 (pCD163) SRCR5, these structures showed almost identical structural folds but significantly different surface electrostatic potentials. Based on these differences, we carried out mutational research to identify that the charged residue at position 534 in association with the one at position 561 were important for PRRSV-2 infection in vitro. Altogether the current work sheds some light on CD163-mediated PRRSV-2 infection and deepens our understanding of the viral pathogenesis, which will provide clues for prevention and control of PRRS.

scholarly journals Designing of an Advanced Compression Bioreactor with an Implementation of a Low-Cost Controlling System Connected to a Mobile Application

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 915
Author(s):  
Gözde Dursun ◽  
Muhammad Umer ◽  
Bernd Markert ◽  
Marcus Stoffel
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Application ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Experimental Information ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Tissue Constructs ◽  
Cost Controlling ◽  
Controlling System ◽  
And Control ◽  
Tissue Models

(1) Background: Bioreactors mimic the natural environment of cells and tissues by providing a controlled micro-environment. However, their design is often expensive and complex. Herein, we have introduced the development of a low-cost compression bioreactor which enables the application of different mechanical stimulation regimes to in vitro tissue models and provides the information of applied stress and strain in real-time. (2) Methods: The compression bioreactor is designed using a mini-computer called Raspberry Pi, which is programmed to apply compressive deformation at various strains and frequencies, as well as to measure the force applied to the tissue constructs. Besides this, we have developed a mobile application connected to the bioreactor software to monitor, command, and control experiments via mobile devices. (3) Results: Cell viability results indicate that the newly designed compression bioreactor supports cell cultivation in a sterile environment without any contamination. The developed bioreactor software plots the experimental data of dynamic mechanical loading in a long-term manner, as well as stores them for further data processing. Following in vitro uniaxial compression conditioning of 3D in vitro cartilage models, chondrocyte cell migration was altered positively compared to static cultures. (4) Conclusion: The developed compression bioreactor can support the in vitro tissue model cultivation and monitor the experimental information with a low-cost controlling system and via mobile application. The highly customizable mold inside the cultivation chamber is a significant approach to solve the limited customization capability of the traditional bioreactors. Most importantly, the compression bioreactor prevents operator- and system-dependent variability between experiments by enabling a dynamic culture in a large volume for multiple numbers of in vitro tissue constructs.

Agitation Techniques to Enhance Drainage of Retained Hemothorax

2020 ◽  
pp. 155335062097800
Author(s):  
Ian A. Makey ◽  
Nitin A. Das ◽  
Samuel Jacob ◽  
Magdy M. El-Sayed Ahmed ◽  
Colleen M. Makey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trauma Surgery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Vibration Technique ◽  
Retained Hemothorax ◽  
And Control ◽  
Negative Conclusion ◽  
Benchtop Model

Background. Retained hemothorax (RH) is a common problem in cardiothoracic and trauma surgery. We aimed to determine the optimum agitation technique to enhance thrombus dissolution and drainage and to apply the technique to a porcine-retained hemothorax. Methods. Three agitation techniques were tested: flush irrigation, ultrasound, and vibration. We used the techniques in a benchtop model with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and pig hemothorax with tPA. We used the most promising technique vibration in a pig hemothorax without tPA. Statistics. We used 2-sample t tests for each comparison and Cohen d tests to calculate effect size (ES). Results. In the benchtop model, mean drainages in the agitation group and control group and the ES were flush irrigation, 42%, 28%, and 2.91 ( P = .10); ultrasound, 35%, 27%, and .76 ( P = .30); and vibration, 28%, 19%, and 1.14 ( P = .04). In the pig hemothorax with tPA, mean drainages and the ES of each agitation technique compared with control (58%) were flush irrigation, 80% and 1.14 ( P = .37); ultrasound, 80% and 2.11 ( P = .17); and vibration, 95% and 3.98 ( P = .06). In the pig hemothorax model without tPA, mean drainages of the vibration technique and control group were 50% and 43% (ES = .29; P = .65). Discussion. In vitro studies suggested flush irrigation had the greatest effect, whereas only vibration was significantly different vs the respective controls. In vivo with tPA, vibration showed promising but not statistically significant results. Results of in vivo experiments without tPA were negative. Conclusion. Agitation techniques, in combination with tPA, may enhance drainage of hemothorax.

scholarly journals 10. Kinetics of Post-Vaccination Seroprotection to S. Pneumonia for the Immune-Compromised and Vaccine-Naïve Populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S27-S28
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Gruenglas ◽  
James Mond ◽  
Micaela Scobie ◽  
Cynthia Tolman ◽  
Joseph Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Vaccine Response ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Opsonic Activity ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background S. pneumonia infection presents a significant challenge, accounting for 20–38% of hospital-acquired pneumonia, and the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia despite availability of effective vaccines. Incidence is highest in children under 2 years, the immunocompromised, and elderly. CDC has reported the emergence of antibiotic resistance in ~30% of cases, adding to risk of morbidity and mortality. Fewer than half of the elderly are vaccinated and vulnerable to infection on admission. Passive immunotherapy as an adjunct to vaccines may improve outcomes in such populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether seroprotective response induced with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine could rapidly yield protective opsonic levels of antibody within anticipated duration of hospitalization. Methods Healthy donors (n=30) were immunized with Prevnar. Blood was drawn on days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28. Samples were pooled and tested for presence of functional opsonic antibodies recognizing capsular polysaccharides. Clearance mechanism of S. pneumonia was based on antibody recognition to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide and opsonic titers used as an in vitro surrogate to evaluate the efficacy of vaccine. Results There was little to no opsonic activity against most serotypes on day 0, except for low antibody activity with serotypes 1, 3, 4, and 5. Titers increased, with protective levels achieved by day 10 for most serotypes (except 14 and 18C), peaking at day 14 or after across serotypes (Figures 1 and 2). Average titers rose from log2 titer 2 on day 0 to log2 titer 8 on days 21 and 28. Titers against most serotypes reached log2 10 (titer 1024) or higher. Patients remained susceptible to nosocomial infection for at least 10 days post admission until protective titers are reached. OPK titers (log2 scale) for serum samples on day 0 (pre), day 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and control for S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V. N=2. OPK titers (log2 scale) for serum samples on day 0 (pre), day 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and control for S. pneumoniae serotypes 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F. N=2. Conclusion Patients with no prior history of vaccination (or inability to mount response) with Prevnar or pneumovax remain vulnerable to S. pneumonia infection even if vaccinated on entry, due to delayed kinetics in reaching protective titers. These patients may require prophylactic intervention of hyperimmune Ig with high opsonic titers to S. pneumonia, providing protection until vaccine response elicits protective antibodies. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Morphometric Registration of Cytotoxic Changes of Epithelial Cells In Vitro: A Methodological Study

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-176
Author(s):  
Lis Andersen ◽  
Dorthe Arenholt-Bindslev
Keyword(s):  
Culture System ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Cell Culture System ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Methodological Study ◽  
Epithelial Cell Culture ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
And Control

Quantification of toxicity-induced cytomorphological effects in an epithelial cell culture system is described. Estimates of volume density and star volume of mitochondria and lysosomes are given. Mean volumes (n = 5) and coefficients of variation of these parameters were equal in experimental (TPA-treatment) and control cultures. An optimal allocation of resources for estimating cytomorphometric parameters would be to increase the number of culture flasks.

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