Multimodal Dependent Type Theory

We introduce MTT, a dependent type theory which supports multiple modalities. MTT is parametrized by a mode theory which specifies a collection of modes, modalities, and transformations between them. We show that different choices of mode theory allow us to use the same type theory to compute and reason in many modal situations, including guarded recursion, axiomatic cohesion, and parametric quantification. We reproduce examples from prior work in guarded recursion and axiomatic cohesion, thereby demonstrating that MTT constitutes a simple and usable syntax whose instantiations intuitively correspond to previous handcrafted modal type theories. In some cases, instantiating MTT to a particular situation unearths a previously unknown type theory that improves upon prior systems. Finally, we investigate the metatheory of MTT. We prove the consistency of MTT and establish canonicity through an extension of recent type-theoretic gluing techniques. These results hold irrespective of the choice of mode theory, and thus apply to a wide variety of modal situations.

Sareomycetes: more diverse than meets the eye

Since its resurrection, the resinicolous discomycete genus Sarea has been accepted as containing two species, one with black apothecia and pycnidia, and one with orange. We investigate this hypothesis using three ribosomal (nuITS, nuLSU, mtSSU) regions from and morphological examination of 70 specimens collected primarily in Europe and North America. The results of our analyses support separation of the traditional Sarea difformis s.lat. and Sarea resinae s.lat. into two distinct genera, Sarea and Zythia. Sarea as circumscribed is shown to conservatively comprise three phylospecies, with one corresponding to Sarea difformis s.str. and two, morphologically indistinguishable, corresponding to the newly combined Sarea coeloplata. Zythia is provisionally maintained as monotypic, containing only a genetically and morphologically variable Z. resinae. The new genus Atrozythia is erected for the new species A. klamathica. Arthrographis lignicola is placed in this genus on molecular grounds, expanding the concept of Sareomycetes by inclusion of a previously unknown type of asexual morph. Dating analyses using additional marker regions indicate the emergence of the Sareomycetes was roughly concurrent with the diversification of the genus Pinus, suggesting that this group of fungi emerged to exploit the newly-available resinous ecological niche supplied by Pinus or another, extinct group of conifers. Our phylogeographic studies also permitted us to study the introductions of these fungi to areas where they are not native, including Antarctica, Cape Verde, and New Zealand and are consistent with historical hypotheses of introduction.

Sensor and Actuator Intrusion Detection for Cyber-Physical Systems via Adaptive Estimation Algorithm

In this work, a new approach to detect sensor and actuator intrusion for Cyber-Physical Systems using a bank of Kalman filters is presented. The case where the unknown type of the intrusion signal is considered first, using two Kalman filters in a bank to provide the conditional state estimates, then the unknown type of intrusion signal can be detected properly via the adaptive estimation algorithm. The case where the target (either sensor or actuator) of the intrusion signal is unknown is also considered, using four Kalman filters in a bank designed to detect if the intrusion signal is about to affect healthy sensor or actuator signal. To test these methods, a DC motor speed control system subject to attack by different types of sensor and actuator signals is simulated. Simulations show that different types of sensor and actuator intrusion signals can be detected properly without the knowledge of the nature and the type of these signals.

Sareomycetes: More Diversity than Meets the Eye

Since its resurrection, the resinicolous discomycete genus Sarea has been accepted as containing two species, one with black apothecia and pycnidia, and one with orange. We investigate this hypothesis using three ribosomal (nuITS, nuLSU, mtSSU) regions from and morphological examination of 70 specimens collected primarily in Europe and North America. The results of our analyses support separation of the traditional Sarea difformis s.l. and Sarea resinae s.l. into two distinct genera, Sarea and Zythia. Sarea as circumscribed is shown to comprise three phylospecies, with one corresponding to Sarea difformis s.s. and two, morphologically indistinguishable, corresponding to the newly combined Sarea coeloplata. Zythia is maintained as monotypic, containing only a genetically and morphologically variable Z. resinae. The new genus Atrozythia is erected for the new species A. klamathica. Arthrographis lignicola is placed in this genus on molecular grounds, expanding the concept of Sareomycetes by inclusion of a previously unknown type of anamorph. Dating analyses using additional marker regions indicate the emergence of the Sareomycetes was roughly concurrent with the diversification of the genus Pinus, suggesting that this group of fungi emerged to exploit the newly-available resinous ecological niche supplied by Pinus or another, extinct group of conifers. Our phylogeographic studies also permitted us to study the introductions of these fungi to areas where they are not native, including Antarctica, Cape Verde, and New Zealand and are consistent with historical hypotheses of introduction.

Nomenclatural notes and typification of names in Maranta (Marantaceae)

In the present study we designate lectotypes for 19 names, as well as a neotype for Maranta phrynioides. Furthermore, an illustration is recognized as the holotype of M. bicolor, based on historical data, and the unknown type of M. noctiflora is here located and its history is clarified. Finally, important taxonomic notes are provided, including the new synonyms Calathea stenostachys, M. longipes, M. longiscapa, M. pleiostachys and M. pycnostachys, all under M. phrynioides, as well as M. subterranea as a synonym of M. furcata.

SPECIAL FEATURES OF DEMEMBRATION IN THE FUNERAL PRACTICE OF THE LOWER DON CATACOMB CULTURE PEOPLE

The paper is devoted to the analysis of a series of Middle Bronze Age burials from the barrow cemeteries of Veselyi I, Chaltyrskiy XI, Glubokaya II and Molokanovskiy III in the Lower Don region. All of them present a hitherto unknown type of demembration which involves a complete of partial displacement of bones “in blocks”, i. e. in anatomical articulation. Judging by both their inventory and ritual details, the burials in question belong to the late stage of the Catacomb culture (late stage of the Donets culture, Bakhmur variant, and the Manych culture). The displacement of bones “in blocks” (and penetration into the grave) took place during the first year after the funeral. There is a number of hypotheses that attempt to explain the appearance of demembration in ritual practices of ancient people. The burial contexts described in this paper support the hypothesis ac- cording to which demembration served as a method of rendering the dear harmless.

NEW DATA ON MAYKOP FUNERARY CONSTRUCTIONS(KLADY CEMETERY, NORTHWESTERN CAUCASUS)

В статье представлены результаты исследования наземной гробницы майкопской культуры прежде неизвестного типа, предшествующей сооружению дольмена в кургане 1, раскопанного Н. И. Веселовским у ст. Царская в 1898 г., Северо-Западный Кавказ. Гробница представляла собой наземное сооружение со сложенными из камня насухо стенами, мощенным галькой и обмазанным глиной полом с деревянными брусьями по периметру, и глиняной крышей. Фасад гробницы с входом был оформлен в виде неглубокого портала. Согласно результатам радиоуглеродного датирования, парное погребение в гробнице было совершено в период между 3300 и 3100 гг. до н. э. Конструкция гробницы разделяет ряд общих признаков не только с дольменами Царской, но и с майкопскими погребениями в ямах и наземных гробницах. Эти данные позволяют уточнить общую траекторию развития погребального обряда майкопской культуры. The paper reports on the results of excavating an above-ground Maykop tomb of unknown type. This construction precedes the dolmen in kurgan 1 excavated by N. I. Veselovsky near the Tsarskaya village (northwestern Caucasus) in 1898. The tomb is an above-ground construction made of dry-stone walling, the floor paved with pebbles and covered with clay with wooden beams along the perimeter and a clay roof. The tomb faade with an entry aperture is made in the form of a shallow portal. The radiocarbon dating evidenced that a twin burial in the tomb had been made between 3300 and 3100 BC. The technical design of the tomb has some similarity not only with the Tsarskaya dolmens but also with Maykop burials made in pits and above-ground tombs. These data help clarify an overall development trajectory of the Maykop funerary ritual.