Advances in Anti-Osteoporosis Polysaccharides Derived from Medicinal Herbs and Other Edible Substances

Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease, and treatment is required for the pre-vention of low bone mass, deterioration of microstructural bone tissue, and fragility fractures. Osteoporosis therapy includes calcium, vitamin D, and drugs with antiresorptive or anabolic action on the bone. Therapy for osteoporosis does not include taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), but pain associated with osteoporotic fractures can be treated by taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Recently, polysaccharides extracted from medicinal herbs and edible substances (PsMHES) have attracted attention on account of their safety and promising anti-osteoporosis effects, whereas a systematic review about their potential in anti-osteoporosis is vacant to date. Herein, we reviewed the recent progress of PsMHES with anti-osteoporosis activities, looking to introduce the advances in the various pharmacological mechanisms and targets involved in the anti-osteoporosis effects, extraction methods, main mechanism involved in Wnt/β-catenin pathways and pathways and RANKL (Receptor Activator for NFκB ligand or TNFSF25) pathways, and Structure-Activity elationships (SAR) analysis of PsMHES. Typical herbs like Achyranthes bidentate and Morinda officinalis used for the treatment of osteoporosis are introduced; their traditional uses in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are discussed in this paper as well. This review will help to the recognition of the value of PsMHES in anti-osteoporosis and provide guidance for the research and development of new anti-osteoporosis agents in clinic.

Muscle and Bone Impairment in Infantile Nephropathic Cystinosis: New Concepts

Cystinosis Metabolic Bone Disease (CMBD) has emerged during the last decade as a well-recognized, long-term complication in patients suffering from infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC), resulting in significant morbidity and impaired quality of life in teenagers and adults with INC. Its underlying pathophysiology is complex and multifactorial, associating complementary, albeit distinct entities, in addition to ordinary mineral and bone disorders observed in other types of chronic kidney disease. Amongst these long-term consequences are renal Fanconi syndrome, hypophosphatemic rickets, malnutrition, hormonal abnormalities, muscular impairment, and intrinsic cellular bone defects in bone cells, due to CTNS mutations. Recent research data in the field have demonstrated abnormal mineral regulation, intrinsic bone defects, cysteamine toxicity, muscle wasting and, likely interleukin-1-driven inflammation in the setting of CMBD. Here we summarize these new pathophysiological deregulations and discuss the crucial interplay between bone and muscle in INC. In future, vitamin D and/or biotherapies targeting the IL1β pathway may improve muscle wasting and subsequently CMBD, but this remains to be proven.

Structural Changes in Trabecular Bone, Cortical Bone and Hyaline Cartilage as Well as Disturbances in Bone Metabolism and Mineralization in an Animal Model of Secondary Osteoporosis in Clostridium perfringens Infection

There is no information regarding whether changes in the microbiological balance of the gastrointestinal tract as a result of an infection with Clostridium perfringens influence the development of metabolic bone disorders. The experiment was carried out on male broiler chickens divided into two groups: control (n = 10) and experimental (n = 10). The experimental animals were infected with Clostridium perfringens between 17 and 20 days of age. The animals were euthanized at 42 days of age. The structural parameters of the trabecular bone, cortical bone, and hyaline cartilage as well as the mineralization of the bone were determined. The metabolism of the skeletal system was assessed by determining the levels of bone turnover markers, hormones, and minerals in the blood serum. The results confirm that the disturbed composition of the gastrointestinal microflora has an impact on the mineralization and metabolism of bone tissue, leading to the structural changes in cortical bone, trabecular bone, and hyaline cartilage. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that changes in the microenvironment of the gastrointestinal tract by infection with C. perfringens may have an impact on the earlier development of osteoporosis.

The Bronze Age People of Ban Kao: A Preliminary Analysis of the Human Remains from Ban Ta Po Archaeological Site, Western Thailand | คนสมัยส􀄬ำริดที่บ้ำนเก่ำ : รำยงำนขั้นต้นผลกำรวิเครำะห์โครงกระดูกมนุษย์จำกแหล่ง โบรำณคดีบ้ำนท่ำโป๊ะ ในภำคตะวันตกของประเทศไทย

Ban Ta Po is located in the Ban Kao Subdistrict within an area that the Thai-Danish Expedition uncovered the famous Neolithic Ban Kao Culture in 1960. The two-season excavation in 2018 and 2020 discovered 17 burials dated to the Bronze age. The analysis of these individuals that were buried there were mostly infants and children. Two children appeared with some disease lesions on bones like porous on the cranium, a carious tooth related to the localized enamel hypoplasia, and the femoral bowing. All possibly indicate metabolic bone disease caused by a nutrition deficiency.

Hypophosphatemia and Metabolic Bone Disease Associated With the Use of Elemental Formula: Case Report and Review

A small percentage of infants and children develop cow’s milk protein allergy which is usually treated with exclusive breastfeeding or extensively hydrolyzed formulas. Some children might still be reactive to hydrolyzed formulas and would need elemental amino acid-based formulas. Elemental formulas are also frequently employed in treating very low birth weight babies with significant intolerance to regular preterm formulas and the resulting poor growth. All pediatric formulas are usually prepared as per international guidelines to fulfill the macro- and micronutrient requirements of growing children across a wide range of volume intakes. However, an interesting correlation is being reported recently, between the use of a specific elemental formula and the development of hypophosphatemia and significant metabolic bone disease. We discuss this phenomenon by exploring the available evidence and report 2 similar cases that we managed in our practice.

Skeletal and Metabolic Bone Disorders with special reference to African Americans

The human skeleton is living tissue that is either growing or being renewed. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of bone disorders has progressed considerably over the past 37 years. A large number of genetic and developmental disorders affect the skeleton. Rare bone diseases account for 5% of all birth defects. The skeletal dysplasias are inherited in an autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked recessive, and X-linked dominant, and Y-linked manner.

Analysis of the Clinical Features of Intrauterine Ureaplasma urealyticum Infection in Preterm Infants: A Case-Control Study

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of intrauterine Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) infection in premature infants.Method: In this single-center retrospective case-control study, 291 preterm infants born in our hospital and hospitalized in our department and gestational age no more than 32 weeks, birth weight no more than 2000 g were included from January 2019 to January 2021. Lower respiratory tract secretion, gastric fluid and urine were collected for UU RNA detection within 48 h after birth. Intrauterine UU infection is defined by at least one positive UU-PCR test of secreta or excreta of preterm infants after birth. The UU infection group included 86 preterm infants and the non-UU infection group included 205 preterm infants. We compared their clinical features, hemogram changes and disease outcomes using statistical analyses.Results: The clinical characteristics of premature infants such as the duration of oxygen use and ventilator use in hospital were significantly prolonged in the UU infection group (P < 0.05). The levels of leukocytes, platelet and procalcitonin in the UU infection group were significantly higher than in the non-UU infection group (P < 0.05). In terms of preterm complications, only the incidences of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity and metabolic bone disease in premature infants in the UU infection group were significantly higher than those in the non-UU infection group (P < 0.05). The mode of delivery, maternal premature rupture of membranes, and postnatal leukocyte level were independent risk factors for UU infection, while gestational hypertension was a protective factor for UU infection. The level of leukocytes in postnatal hemogram of premature infants could be used as a diagnostic index of UU infection, but the diagnostic accuracy was poor.Conclusion: In our study, UU infection can increase the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity and metabolic bone disease in preterm infants, but have no effect on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, intracranial hemorrhage, white matter damage and other diseases in preterm infants. For high-risk premature infants, UU should be detected as soon as possible after birth, early intervention and drug treatment necessarily can improve the prognosis as much as possible.