plant toxins
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2021 ◽  
pp. 127682
Author(s):  
Sha Yan ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Yahya Al Naggar ◽  
Yvan Vander Heyden ◽  
Lingling Zhao ◽  
...  

FEBS Letters ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrycja Horbowicz‐Drożdżal ◽  
Karol Kamel ◽  
Sebastian Kmiecik ◽  
Lidia Borkiewicz ◽  
Nilgun E. Tumer ◽  
...  

Planta Medica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Els Van Pamel ◽  
Jean Henrottin ◽  
Christof Van Poucke ◽  
Nathalie Gillard ◽  
Els Daeseleire

AbstractThe presence of plant toxins and/or cyanotoxins in food supplements implies consumer health risks. Therefore, a targeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method to detect/quantify 25 toxins simultaneously in food supplement formulations was developed and validated. Full validation for tablets/powders and secondary validation for a liquid and soft gel capsule indicated that most compounds were efficiently extracted (≥ 75%), while others were only partly extracted (18 – 61%). Trueness was fulfilled (70 – 120%), with some exceptions (mostly at the lowest validation level). Intralaboratory repeatability, intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility values of ≤ 20%, ≤ 25%, and ≤ 25% were obtained for most, respectively. Matrix effects were found to be significant for most compounds. Good sensitivity (µg/kg level) was observed for galegin(e), lycopsamine, lycorine, rubiadin, skimmiamine, and vascin(e), in contrast to helveticoside, lucidin, lucidin-3-primveroside, plumbagin(e), and thujone, which were detected at the mg/kg level. The other compounds were characterized by a sensitivity between 10 to 1000 µg/kg. The validated methodology was applied for 52 food supplements (tablets, capsules, liquids/syrup, etc.) purchased from the Belgian market. In more than 25% of the samples, one or more toxins were detected (concentrations determined using standard addition). Lycopsamine, microcystin LR, solamargine, thujone, and vasicin(e) were the most frequently detected toxins. A clear link between the toxins detected and the plant species on the food supplement ingredient list could not always be established. This generic “dilute-and-shoot” procedure can be used for further research on toxins in food supplements and by extension other plant/algae-based food/feed commodities (herbs, edible flowers, etc.).


Cell ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 184 (13) ◽  
pp. 3588
Author(s):  
Jixing Xia ◽  
Zhaojiang Guo ◽  
Zezhong Yang ◽  
Haolin Han ◽  
Shaoli Wang ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prayan Pokharel ◽  
Anke Steppuhn ◽  
Georg Petschenka

1. Sequestration, i.e., the accumulation of plant toxins into body tissues for defence, is primarily observed in specialised insects. Sequestration was frequently predicted to incur a physiological cost mediated by increased exposure to plant toxins and may require resistance traits different from those of non-sequestering insects. Alternatively, sequestering species could experience a cost in the absence of toxins due to selection on physiological homeostasis under permanent exposure of sequestered toxins in body tissues. 2. Milkweed bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae) sequester high amounts of plant-derived cardenolides. Although being potent inhibitors of the ubiquitous animal enzyme Na+/K+-ATPase, milkweed bugs can tolerate cardenolides by means of resistant Na+/K+-ATPases. Both adaptations, resistance and sequestration, are ancestral traits shared by most species of the Lygaeinae. 3. Using four milkweed bug species and the related European firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus) showing different combinations of the traits ′cardenolide resistance′ and ′cardenolide sequestration′, we set out to test how the two traits affect larval growth upon exposure to dietary cardenolides in an artificial diet system. While cardenolides impaired the growth of P. apterus nymphs neither possessing a resistant Na+/K+-ATPase nor sequestering cardenolides, growth was not affected in the non-sequestering milkweed bug Arocatus longiceps, which possesses a resistant Na+/K+-ATPase. Remarkably, cardenolides increased growth in the sequestering dietary specialists Caenocoris nerii and Oncopeltus fasciatus but not in the sequestering dietary generalist Spilostethus pandurus, which all possess a resistant Na+/K+-ATPase. 4. We then assessed the effect of dietary cardenolides on additional life history parameters, including developmental speed, the longevity of adults, and reproductive success in O. fasciatus. Remarkably, nymphs under cardenolide exposure developed substantially faster and lived longer as adults. However, fecundity of adults was reduced when maintained on cardenolide-containing diet for their entire life-time but not when adults were transferred to non-toxic sunflower seeds. 5. We speculate that the resistant Na+/K+-ATPase of milkweed bugs is selected for working optimally in a ′toxic environment′, i.e. when sequestered cardenolides are stored in the body tissues. Contrary to the assumption that toxins sequestered for defence produce a physiological burden, our data suggest that they can even increase fitness in specialised insects.


Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Adamski ◽  
Sabino Aurelio Bufo ◽  
Luigi Milella ◽  
Laura Scrano

The evolutionary arms race between plants and herbivores has led, over millions of years, to the production of many substances that prevent plants from being over-eaten by plant-feeding animals [...]


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