Characterization of resistance and fitness cost of Descurainia sophia L. populations from Henan and Xinjiang, China

Descurainia sophia L. is a notorious weed in winter wheat field and has serious resistance to tribenuron-methyl. Xinjiang is a main wheat production region in China with no information on D. sophia resistance to tribenuron-methyl. Here, resistance levels of D. sophia populations to tribenuron-methyl from Xinjiang and Henan were investigated. In addition, homozygous mutation subpopulations of high resistant D. sophia populations from Xinjiang and Henan were generated and then cross-resistance and fitness cost were determined. Results showed that 5 out of 31 populations from Xinjiang developed resistance to tribenuron-methyl, including two high resistant populations (X30 and X31). While 10 out of 11 populations from Henan showed resistance to tribenuron-methyl, including three high resistant populations (H5, H6 and H7). X30 and X31 shared the same mutation type of Pro197Thr in ALS1, while the mutation type of ALS1 in H5, H6 and H7 were Pro197Ser, Pro197His and Pro197Ala, respectively. The homozygous mutation subpopulations (SX30, SX31, SH5, SH6, SH7) showed cross-resistance to flucarbazone-sodium, bensulfuron methyl and flumetsulam. Under monoculture condition, relative growth rates of SX30, SX31 were higher than susceptible population (SX13), while that in SH5, SH6, SH7 were almost same with SX13. When mix planted with SX13, SX30 and SX31 displayed weaker competitiveness than SX13, while SH5, SH6, SH7 showed stronger competitiveness than SX13. The results suggested that D. sophia from Xinjiang had low resistance frequency to tribenuron-methyl and the high resistant populations had fitness costs.

Investigating the Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Descurainia sophia(L.) Webb ex Prantl on Blood Glucose, Biochemistry Parameters, Fatty Profile, and Serology Factor in Diabetic Male Rats.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine diseases. Studying the plants and effective compounds from plant extracts to prevent diabetes has become recently important. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract on blood glucose level, biochemical parameters, fat profile, and serological parameters in diabetic rats. Methods: In this study, 42 Wistar outbred rats were studied. The rats were divided into seven groups namely the control group, the control group with 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the Descurainia sophia extract, the diabetic rats, the diabetic rats receiving 0.4 mg/kg of glibenclamide, and the diabetic rats treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg of the D. sophia extract. Streptozotocin was used for the diabetic rats through intraperitoneal injection, and extract was used by gavage method. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the research data in SPSS software. Results: The results showed that administration of D. sophia extract to diabetic rats reduces the blood glucose, biochemical enzymes level, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol. There was no significant difference in cholesterol levels. In the rats which received the extract, the amount of albumin decreased and the amount of urea and creatinine increased significantly. Conclusions: Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that this extract can be useful in preventing diabetes by reducing blood glucose, changing biochemical enzyme level, fat profile, and serological parameters; as D. sophia hydroalcoholic extract contains various compounds.

ALIEN SPECIES IN COMMUNITIES OF CLASS FESTUCO-PUCCINELLIETEA SOΌ EX VICHEREK 1973 IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE

The paper provides the results of the studies of the peculiarities of invasions in plant communities of the class Festuco-Puccinellietea Soό ex Vicherek 1973 in the European South-East, where 3 alien species are recorded - Atriplex tatarica L. (Chenopodiaceae Vent.), Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl and Lepidium ruderale L. (Brassicaceae Burnett).

Effects of a novel combination of two mutated acetolactate synthase (ALS) isozymes on resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in Flixweed (Descurainia Sophia)

Flixweed [Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl] is a notorious broadleaf weed that is widely distributed in winter wheat growing areas of China, and has evolved resistance to tribenuron-methyl mainly due to target-site resistance (TSR) mutations in acetolactate synthase (ALS). In the current research, two ALS genes were identified in tribenuron-methyl-susceptible (TS) or -resistant (TR) D. sophia. Resistance mutations of Asp-376-Glu and Pro-197-Ala were identified on ALS1 and ALS2 isozymes in TR D. sophia, respectively. The TR D. sophia evolved 10836.3-fold resistance to tribenuron-methyl and displayed cross-resistance to multiple ALS-inhibiting herbicides with different chemical structures. Dose response experiments and ALS activity assay indicated that two mutated ALS isozymes contributed differentially in resistance to tribenuron-methyl, flucetosulfuron and pyribenzoxim. In addition, the relative expression level of ALS1 gene was 2.2- and 1.6-fold higher than ALS2 genes in TR D. sophia on the 1st and 7th days after tribenuron-methyl treatment (DAT), respectively. In contrast, the relative expression level of ALS1 and ALS2 in TS D. sophia is similar. This is the first research that explored different roles of ALS isozymes in resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides, which might provide a new perspective for the weed resistance management.

ANALYSIS OF THE SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DESERT LANDSCAPES OF THE NORTH-WESTERN CASPIAN

Studies of the thermodynamic characteristics of semi-desert landscapes were carried out with the PSR-1100 Spectroradiometer in the range from 320 to 1100 nm. Energy distribution data for the parts of the spectrum for plant phytocenosis Poa bulbosa, Descurainia Sophia were obtained from the energy brightness distribution spectrogram at the Tavn-Gashun test site.