For the test sites of the Aralo-Caspian region subjected to degradation and desertification, the seasonal dynamics of the brightness temperatures of the underlying surface, measured from the SMOS satellite (Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity), was studied. On the example of a polygon in the northern part of the Caspian Sea, the influence of changes in the phrenological phases of the ice cover on the microwave radiation of the underlying surface is noted. The regularities of microwave radiation of inland water bodies and the sandy-saline desert Aralkum, formed on the site of the dried bottom of the Aral Sea, have been studied.