Bioactive Compounds in the Peripheral Layers of Barley and Triticale Species in the Mature Grain Cultivated in Algeria

The present study designed to determine in compositions of peripheral layer (PL) from barley and triticale. The peripheral layer is a co-product of the grain mill, it represents with the flour and the germ one of the three fractions of the milling, it is used for the chemical protection of the endosperm and the germ. Phytochemicals (phenolic compounds, vitamins and minerals) are beneficial for the health of consumers and are found abundantly in the peripheral layer of cereals. The objective of our work consists an evaluation of the phytochemical value for peripheral layers, the evaluation of the antioxidant content and the antioxidant activity of two varieties of two species of cereal in mature grain: triticale (Ksar Sbahi, Beni Haroun) and barley (Fouara, Saida); from two different regions (Sidi Bel Abbes and Constantine). Finally a comparative study was found in this work. The results obtained show that the variety of each species Triticale (Ksar Sbahi), barley (Fouara) have the highest content of polyphenol and flavonoid (0.027 mg (EAG)/g; 0.019 mg EC/g) and (0.012 mg (EAG)/g; 0.013 mg EC/g), respectively, for the antioxidant activity barley Fouara 1.91 mg/ml shows the best activity against the DPPH radical, a high level of minerals has been observed for the triticale species and a higher level of sodium for the Fouara variety of barley 33.78 mg/l. We are planning additional studies to better characterize the nature of the polyphenolic compounds existing in different histological parts of the wheat grain. Keywords: Barley, Triticale, Peripheral layer, Polyphenols, Antioxidant activity,

Live imaging of chromatin distribution in muscle nuclei reveals novel principles of nuclear architecture and chromatin compartmentalization

Packaging of the chromatin within the nucleus serves as an important factor in the regulation of transcriptional output. However, information on chromatin architecture on nuclear scale in fully differentiated cells, under physiological conditions and in live organisms, is largely unavailable. Here, we imaged nuclei and chromatin in muscle fibers of live, intact Drosophila larvae. In contrast to the common view that chromatin is distributed throughout the nuclear volume, we show that the entire chromatin, including active and repressed regions, forms a peripheral layer underneath the nuclear lamina, leaving a chromatin-devoid compartment at the nucleus center. Importantly, visualization of nuclear compartmentalization required imaging of un-fixed nuclei embedded within their intrinsic tissue environment, with preserved nuclear volume. Upon fixation of similar muscle nuclei, we observed an average of three-fold reduction in nuclear volume caused by dehydration and evidenced by nuclear flattening. In these conditions, the peripheral chromatin layer was not detected anymore, demonstrating the importance of preserving native biophysical tissue environment. We further show that nuclear compartmentalization is sensitive to the levels of lamin C, since over-expression of lamin C-GFP in muscle nuclei resulted in detachment of the peripheral chromatin layer from the lamina and its collapse into the nuclear center. Computer simulations of chromatin distribution recapitulated the peripheral chromatin organization observed experimentally, when binding of lamina associated domains (LADs) was incorporated with chromatin self-attractive interactions. Reducing the number of LADs led to collapse of the chromatin, similarly to our observations following lamin C over-expression. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel mode of mesoscale organization of chromatin within the nucleus in a live organism, in which the chromatin forms a peripheral layer separated from the nuclear interior. This architecture may be essential for robust transcriptional regulation in fully differentiated cells.

A Two Phase Mathematical Model of Fluid Flow through Bell Shaped Stenotic Artery

The present research paper concerns with a two phase fluid flow, consists an acentric plasma layer region free from red cells and a central core region represented by Hershel – Bulkley fluid through a bell shaped stenosed artery. Mathematical expressions for characteristics of blood flow namely core velocity (uc ), peripheral velocity ( up ), shear stress at wall ( ) and total volumetric fluid flow rate (Q) have been estimated and depicted graphically . The effect of shape parameter peripheral layer viscosity, on these characteristics has been depicted with graphs. It has been noticed that the fluid flow rate (Q) and shear stress at wall ( ) decreases as the increases of peripheral layer viscosity.