Auto Smart Car Cover

An Auto Smart Car Cover System is a car covering system which is invented for the purpose of protecting the vehicle here in this case vehicle is a car and this system can also be a good open Parking Solution. This system is guided by Electric Motors (Servo Motors), Sensor (IR or Ultrasonic Sensor), Bluetooth Module (HC-05), CP-2102 USB to TTL Module, A MC ATMega 328P on a Self Made ARD. Uno board. A Guiding Wire for guiding the Structure, and Software IDE (Arduino IDE) for Programming the MC. The Heart of the entire System is MC ATMega 328P which is completely responsible for entire operation of Cover from collecting data from sensors till Opening(Uncover) and Closing(Cover) of Vehicle.

Influence of infiltration on soil erosion in green infrastructures

Rainwater-induced erosion in green geotechnical infrastructures such as a multilayered landfill cover system (MLCS) is a severe concern in the current era. Although vegetation is a proven measure to control erosion in the MLCS, there are other factors such as infiltration rate which influence the control of the phenomenon. Most of the existing studies are limited to understand influence of vegetation on erosion control or infiltration rate alone. In this study, an attempt is made to incorporate infiltration measurements alongside vegetation cover to understand erosion in surface layer of the MLCS. For this purpose, a pilot MLCS was constructed, and erosion of its surface soil was temporally evaluated through soil loss depth of eroded cover surface under the influence of natural as well as simulated rainfall conditions. Alongside erosion, the amount of vegetated cover was evaluated through photographic image analyses and infiltration rate was measured by mini disk infiltrometer. From the observed results, it is understood that soil erosion and infiltration rate depict a contrasting behaviour with growing vegetation. Antecedent moisture contents were observed to show greater influence on such erosion behaviour which was observed during the testing period. Such studies may be helpful to researchers and practicing engineers for understanding performance of various green geotechnical infrastructures and scheduling the maintenance services to increase the longevity of their layered soil systems.

Phytostabilization of Phosphate Mine Wastes Used as a Store-and-Release Cover to Control Acid Mine Drainage in a Semiarid Climate

The abandoned Kettara pyrrhotite mine, located near Marrakech, Morocco, is an acid mine drainage (AMD) producer site. A store-and-release cover system made of phosphate wastes was built to prevent water infiltration and the formation of AMD. This cover system should be vegetated with appropriate plants to ensure its long-term sustainability and allow its reintegration in the surrounding ecosystem. Several indigenous plant species were studied. The choice of plant species was based mainly on their tolerance to trace elements contained in the phosphate wastes, and their low capacity to translocate these metals to their aboveground parts in order to limit the risk of pollutants transfer along the food chain. The main metals and metalloids (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr) are determined in 13 dominant plants naturally colonizing the store-and-release cover and their rhizospheric soils. The results showed that the phosphate cover contained high concentrations of Cr (138.04 mg/kg), Cu (119.86 mg/kg) and Cd (10.67 mg/kg) exceeding the regulatory thresholds values (Cr > 100 mg/kg, Cu > 100 mg/kg, Cd > 3 mg/kg). The studied plants revealed no hyper-accumulation of metals and metalloids, and lower concentrations in shoots than in roots. Six species (Plantago afra, Festuca ovina, Aizoon hispanicum, Herniaria cinerea, Echium plantagineum and Asphodelus tenuifolius) have bioconcentration factors greater than 1, and weak translocation factors, identifying them as appropriate candidates for phytostabilization of the phosphate cover.

Different Causal Factors Occur between Land Use/Cover and Vegetation Classification Systems but Not between Vegetation Classification Levels in the Highly Disturbed Jing-Jin-Ji Region of China

Land use/cover and vegetation patterns are influenced by many ecological factors. However, the effect of various factors on different classification systems and different levels of the same system is unclear. We conducted a redundancy analysis with 10 landscape metrics and ecological factors in four periods (1986–2005/2007, 1991–2005/2007, 1996–2005/2007, 2001–2005/2007) to explore their effects on the land use/cover system, vegetation group and vegetation type, and formation and subformation levels of the vegetation classification system in the Jing-Jin-Ji region. Soil, temperature and precipitation from 1986–2005, 1991–2005, and 2001–2005 were the important causal factors, and anthropogenic disturbance and atmospheric factors in 1996–2005 were causal factors at the land use/cover level. The total explained variance from 1996–2005 and 2001–2005 was higher than that from 1986–2005 and 1991–2005 at the land use/cover level. Causal factors and the variance explained by causal factors at the vegetation group, vegetation type, and formation and subformation levels were similar but different in the land use/cover system. Geography, soil and anthropogenic disturbance were the most important causal factors at the three vegetation levels, and the total explained variance from 2001–2007 was higher than that from 1986–2007, 1991–2007, and 1996–2007 at the three vegetation levels. In environmental research, natural resource management and urban or rural planning, geographic factors should be considered at the vegetation group, vegetation type and formation and subformation levels while atmospheric and temperature factors should be considered at the land use/cover level.