The Effect of Tax Planning and Temporary Difference to Earnings Management

This study aims to analyze tax planning (tax planning is estimated using effective tax rate) motivations that push management (agent) to manage earnings and the ability of temporary difference accounts (measured by deferred tax assets, liabilities and expenses) to detect earnings management. Earnings management is estimated using the modified jones model. This study uses three independent variables to measure temporary difference, analyzes the effect of the independent variables towards the direction of earnings management and analyzes more than one industry so the results Samples used in this study are 377 non-financial public firms that are listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2015 until 2019, with a total of 1,832 observations. The data panel is processed using multiple linear regression using fixed effect model. The results of the study found only deferred tax liabilities has significant impact to earnings management and is able to detect earnings management upwards. Tax planning only effects absolute earnings management without specific direction. Deferred tax assets do not have a significant impact to detect earnings management downwards and deferred tax expense has no significant impact to earnings management but can potentially detect earnings management upwards in extreme cases.Deferred Tax Asset

PENGARUH BOOK TAX DIFFERENCES DAN TINGKAT HUTANG TERHADAP PERSINTENSI LABA PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA 2016-2019

ABSTRAK Persistensi laba ialah laba pada periode sekarang yang bisa dijadikan parameter untuk laba mendatang yang dapat dilihat dari perubahan laba setiap tahun. Riset ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan guna mendapatkan bukti empiris terkait pengaruh book tax differences dan tingkat hutang terhadap persistensi laba pada entitas manufaktur yang tercatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia masa 2016-2019. Variabel book tax differences diproksikan dengan variabel perbedaan permanen dan perbedaan temporer. Riset ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif. Teknik purposive sampling dipakai untuk menentukan sampel dalam riset ini, maka didapat 64 sampel dari 16 perusahaan. Metode analisis yang dipakai dalam riset ini ialah regresi data panel dengan memakai peranti lunak eviews 10. Hasil riset menemukan bahwa variabel perbedaan permanen dan tingkat hutang tidak berpengaruh pada persistensi laba, sedangkan variabel perbedaan temporer berpengaruh pada persistensi laba. ketiga variabel mempunyai pengaruh secara serempak pada persistensi laba sebesar 9.78%. Kata kunci: permanen, temporer, tingkat hutang, persistensi. ABSTRACT Profit persistence is the profit in the current period that can be a parameter for potential gains which can be seen from next year by the improvements in earnings. The purpose of this research was to obtain empirical evidence concerning the effect of book-tax differences and debt levels on the persistence of earnings in manufacturing entities listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange for the period 2016-2019. The variable for book-tax differences is proxied by the variable for permanent difference and the temporary difference. This research used quantitative research methods. In this study, the purposeful sampling technique used to determine the sample and then obtained 64 samples from 16 firms. Panel data regression using Eviews 10 software is the analytical method used in this research. The results show that the permanent difference variable and the sum of the loan have no impact on earnings persistence, while the immediate difference variable does not affect earnings persistence. The three factors have a 9.78 percent simultaneous effect on earnings persistence. Keywords: permanent, temporary, debt levels, persistence.

Deferred Tax Accounting for SMEs: Modified Income Statement Approach

Purpose: Accounting for income tax under International Financial Reporting Standards (‘IFRS’) is dealt with in IAS 12 Income Taxes. It is often said that users of financial statements do not find information produced in accordance with IAS 12 useful. This is a serious problem because for many businesses tax is one of the largest expenses. In some cases, preparers find the requirements of IAS 12 difficult to apply in practice. Its requirements are said to be unclear, and preparers sometimes question the relevance and understandability of the information that is provided in accordance with the standard. The IFRS for SMEs currently require use of balance sheet approach for accounting of deferred taxes. In India, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) – the apex standard-setting body in India, is formulating revised accounting standards for SME’s in India. This article examines an alternative to the balance sheet approach which is less complicated and easy to implement.[Reviewer1] [AB2] Methodology: This article proposes a new method i.e. Modified Income Statement Approach. This method is a mix of income statement approach and balance sheet approach, as it requires recognition of deferred taxes using temporary difference approach but calculated using income statement and the other comprehensive income (in effect, Comprehensive income statement). Modified Income Statement Approach requires comparison of tax expense with the underlying related income and expenses so that they are recognized in the same period. In doing so, it also considers income and expenses recognized in the income statement as well as the Other Comprehensive Income. Hence, this approach is more of temporary difference approach but applied by using income statement method. It covers all items of timing differences and most items of temporary differences. The SMEs have less complicated structures and transactions. Also, in many countries, including India, there exists no concept of tax balance sheet. Hence, it would be worthwhile to ease-out the deferred tax accounting for SMEs. The hypothesis is that application of modified income statement approach can result in similar outcome as the balance sheet approach.Findings: A survey of 50 top companies in India was conducted. The results show that 60% of the companies would have recognized the same deferred tax asset/ liability under both the methods i.e. modified income statement approach and balance sheet approach. Balance 40% had some minor differences, but such transactions may be less frequent for SME. On an average, the impact of using modified income approach as against balance sheet approach is a mere 4%. The only items not covered by the modified income statement approach as against the balance sheet approach are Fair valuation of assets/ liabilities on business combination, Compound financial instrument and the existence of undistributed profits of subsidiaries, branches, associates and joint arrangements[Reviewer3] .[AB4] Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: [Reviewer5] [AB6] To balance out the cost and benefits of implementing an accounting standard as per the framework, it is critical that SME’s use a simpler and less complicated method which is easy to understand and implement. Modified income statement approach is easy to apply and not complicated or technical to understand. In India, companies are used to calculating deferred tax using income statement approach. Hence, this will be a small change from the existing approach, while achieving the objectives of the balance sheet approach. Hence, modified income statement approach seems to be an appropriate method for SMEs.

PENGARUH TEMPORARY DIFFERENCE DAN PERMANENT DIFFERENCE TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN LABA DENGAN UKURAN PERUSAHAAN SEBAGAI VARIABEL PEMODERASI

Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama periode 2013-2016. Jumlah perusahaan manufaktur yang dijadikan sampel penelitian adalah 14 perusahaan dengan pengamatan selama 4 tahun. Penelitian ini berdasarkan purposive sampling. Total sampel penelitian ini adalah 56 laporan keuangan. Pengujian hipotesis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis regresi berganda dan MRA (Moderated Regression Analysis).Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa nilai signifikan temporary differences sebesar 0.000, permanent differences sebesar 0,015 dan ukuran perusahaanmemilikinilai signifikansebesar 0,548, dari hasil tersebut menunjukkan nilai signifikan lebih kecil dari 0.050, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa temporary difference dan permanent difference berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan laba, dan ukuran perusahaan memiliki nilai signifikan sebesar 0,548, yangmenunjukkan nilai signifikan lebih besar dari 0.050, maka ukuran perusahaan tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba. Penelitian ini menemukan bukti mengenai interaksi antara temporary difference dengan ukuran perusahaan yang menunjukkan nilai signifikan sebesar 0,026 dan permanent differencedengan ukuran perusahaan yang menunjukkan nilai signifikan sebesar 0,023 lebih kecil dari 0.050, dari hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa interaksi antara temporary differencedengan ukuran perusahaan berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan laba. Dan permanent differencedengan ukuran perusahaan berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan laba.

PENGARUH BOOK TAX DIFFERENCES DAN ALIRAN KAS OPERASI TERHADAP PERSISTENSI LABA

Persistensi laba merupakan salah satu komponen dari kualitas laba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh book tax differences dan aliran kas operasi terhadap persistensi laba. Variabel book tax differences diproyeksikan dengan variabel perbedaan permanen dan perbedaan temporer akibat dari perbedaan kebijakan akuntansi dan fiskal. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan manufaktur sub sektor food and beverageyang terdaftar di BEI tahun 2010 sampai 2014. Teknik pemilihan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling dan diperoleh 15 perusahaan yang disertakan dengan kurun waktu 5 tahun sehingga didapat 75 sampel yang diobservasi. Metode analisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi data panel dengan menggunakansoftware Eviews 8.0.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Perbedaan Permanen, Perbedaan Temporer dan Aliran Kas Operasisecara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Persistensi Laba. Sedangkan secara parsial Perbedaan Permanen, Perbedaan Temporer tidak berpengaruh terhadap Persistensi Laba danAliran Kas Operasiberpengaruh signifikan dengan arah positif terhadap Persistensi Laba. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka untuk menilai kinerja perusahaan selain menggunakan laba, investor dan pihak lain dapat menggunakan aliran kas operasi sebagai alternatif lain yang menunjukkan performa perusahaanEarning persistence is a component of Earning quality. This research aims to determine the effect of book tax differences and operating cash flow toward earning persistence. Book tax differences variable is projected with permanent difference and temporary difference variable because of the differences between accounting and fiscal policy. The population in this study are food and beverage sub sector manufacturer companies listed on Indonesia stock exchange during 2010 to 2014. The sample selection technique used is purposive sampling and 15 companies that are included within five-years period in order to get 75 samples were observed. The method of data analysis used in this research is panel data regression using the software Eviews 8.0. The results showed that the Permanent Differences, Temporary Differences and Operating Cash Flow have simultaneously significant effect on earning persistence. While partially Permanent Difference, Temporary Difference did not have any affect on Earning Persistences and Operating Cash Flow significantly affects the Earning Persistence in a positive direction. Based on the results, beside using Earnings, investors and other parties can use operating cash flows as an alternative to evaluate the performance of the company