Pengaruh Beban Pajak Tangguhan, Aktiva Pajak Tangguhan, Dan Akrual Terhadap Manajemen Laba Pada Perusahaan Aneka Industri Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2015-2020

This study aims to determine the effect of deferred tax expense, deferred tax assets, and accruals on earnings management. The population in this study are various industrial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2015-2020 period. This research is a descriptive research with a quantitative approach. Data processing program using SPSS Version 25.By using 5 companies using purposive sampling. The data used in this study is secondary data, namely data on the financial statements of various industrial sector companies listedon the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2015-2020 period. The sample selection method used purposive sampling, namely the sampling method based on certain criteria. Of the 45 various industrialcompanies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, there are only 5 companies that meet the research sample criteria that have been determined. The data analysis method used inthis research is multiple linear regression test, coefficient of determination (R^2) and correlation (R), partial test (t-test) and Simultaneous test (F-test) while earnings management is measured based on dummy variables. The results of this study indicate that deferred tax expense affects earnings management, deferred tax assets affect earnings management and accruals have no effect on earnings management.Based on the simultaneous test (F test) variable deferred tax expense, deferred tax assets andaccruals together have no effect on earnings management in various industrial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2015-2020.

ACCOUNTING OF DEFERRED TAX ASSETS AND LIABILITIES: HISTORICAL EXCURSION AND MODERN REALITIES

The article considers the essence of deferred tax assets and liabilities and their reflection in the system of accounts and registers in the historical context. The periodization of the process of formation and development of the problem of deferred taxes in Ukraine with the use of normative and historical methods of cognition is carried out. The differences between permanent and temporary differences in tax profit (loss) and accounting profit (loss) are described. The approach to accounting for deferred taxes and their place in the reporting of enterprises using an algorithmic process is generalized. A detailed description of the current position of accounting for deferred taxes through the viewpoint of Ukrainian accounting standard 17 "Income Tax". Conclusions are made on the possibility of further research on the elimination of methodological difficulties in the allocation of certain tax differences to temporary or permanent.

The Effect of Tax Planning and Temporary Difference to Earnings Management

This study aims to analyze tax planning (tax planning is estimated using effective tax rate) motivations that push management (agent) to manage earnings and the ability of temporary difference accounts (measured by deferred tax assets, liabilities and expenses) to detect earnings management. Earnings management is estimated using the modified jones model. This study uses three independent variables to measure temporary difference, analyzes the effect of the independent variables towards the direction of earnings management and analyzes more than one industry so the results Samples used in this study are 377 non-financial public firms that are listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2015 until 2019, with a total of 1,832 observations. The data panel is processed using multiple linear regression using fixed effect model. The results of the study found only deferred tax liabilities has significant impact to earnings management and is able to detect earnings management upwards. Tax planning only effects absolute earnings management without specific direction. Deferred tax assets do not have a significant impact to detect earnings management downwards and deferred tax expense has no significant impact to earnings management but can potentially detect earnings management upwards in extreme cases.Deferred Tax Asset

DEFERRED INCOME TAX: IMPACT ON FINANCIAL AND TAX REPORTING (THE PRACTIСE OF UKRAINE AND GERMANY)

Income taxation is typical for most countries with their own peculiarities. In the practice of the Ukrainian enterprises, there is a lack of relationship between accounting and tax accounting to reflect the deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability in the reporting. The purpose of the article is to analyze the income tax in terms of its calculation by the international standards and identify key tax differences. The authors proposed to formulate the definitions of the current income tax which should be understood as the amount of income taxes payable (reimbursed) on taxable profit (tax loss) for the period and expenses (income) from income tax which should be understood as the total amount included in the determination of profit or loss for the period in accordance with current and deferred taxes. This interpretation of the definitions will help better understand the concepts in accounting and taxation. The tax base of assets and the tax base of liabilities are given and substantiated. The temporary differences were identified by authors. The example of definition of Deferred tax liabilities and Deferred tax assets, the order of their reflection in the report on financial results (about the total income) and disclosure in the Notes to the financial reporting is considered and analyzed. The impact on the indicators of the Income Tax Return is investigated. There is no direct impact of the amount of the Deferred tax assets / Deferred tax liabilities according to the current algorithm for the object of taxation, which is determined by tax legislation. The conclusions are made about the importance of determining of Deferred tax liabilities and Deferred tax assets, which directly affects the amount of net profit. The result of the study was confirmation of the hypothesis concerning different orientation of norms of the legal documents on the display of information in the forms of the financial and tax reporting. Such differences are related to the different requirement to the reporting by the modern stakeholders. Keywords: income tax, deferred tax, tax asset, tax liability, reporting. JEL Classification M40, М41, М48 Formulas: 0; fig.: 2; tabl.: 5; bibl.: 16.

Does Transfer Pricing Moderate the Effect of Deferred Tax Assets and Deferred Tax Expenses on Accrual Earnings Management of Firms in Indonesia?

The purpose of this study is to analyze (a) the effect of deferred tax assets on accrual earnings management; (b) the effect of deferred tax expenses on accrual earnings management; (c) the role of transfer pricing as a moderator variable to strengthen the effect of deferred tax assets on accrual earnings management; and (d) the role of transfer pricing as a moderator variable to strengthen the effect of deferred tax expenses on accrual earnings management. The samples consist of 160 manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The study utilizes the financial statements from 2012 to 2018. This study presents that (a) deferred tax assets influence accrual earnings management; b) deferred tax expenses affect accrual earnings management; c) transfer pricing does not strengthen the effect of deferred tax assets on accrual earnings management; and d) transfer pricing does not strengthen the effect of deferred tax expenses on accrual earnings management. This study contributes to accounting studies, tax authorities and regulators, and accounting policy makers. Firstly, this research contributes to the development of accounting studies on the role of transfer pricing as a moderator of the effect of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities on earnings management. Secondly, the results of this study can make a consideration for tax authorities and regulators in addressing company management actions to minimize the amount of tax paid by utilizing policies according to PSAK. It is worth considering how to sanction companies that deliberately reduce the amount of tax that should be paid. It is necessary to conduct tax investigation by the Directorate General of taxes on companies that are indicated to have practiced accrual earnings management with the aim of reducing the tax burden. Thirdly, accounting policy makers need to consider how management reduces the tax that should be paid through accounting policies that are allowed under PSAK and transfer pricing mechanism.

Pengaruh Deferred Tax, Capital Intensity dan Return On Asset terhadap Agresivitas Pajak

This research was conducted to identify the effect of Deferred Tax, Capital Intensity, and Return On Assets on Tax Aggressiveness in the coal mining sub-sector industry. This research uses a quantitative descriptive method. This paper uses secondary data from information that was obtained from the coal mining sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016-2019. The data collection method used purposive sampling. In this paper, there are several analysis used to process the data, which are, descriptive statistic analysis, correlation coefficient analysis, determination coefficient analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, significance test, and classical assumption test assisted by using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 23. The results of this research prove simultaneously. Deferred Tax Asset, Capital Intensity, and Return On Asset have a significant effect on tax aggressiveness, with the resulting significance value (0.006 <0.05). However, partially deferred tax assets do not have a significant effect on tax aggressiveness (0.365> 0.05), on the other hand, Capital Intensity is significant (0.001 <0.05), and Return On Asset has a negative significance(0.002 <0.05) effect to tax aggressiveness. Keywords : Deferred Tax Expense, Capital Intensity, Return On Asset, and Tax Aggressiveness

Simple Valuation of Compounded Deferred Tax Assets Using a Binomial Algorithm

Deferred tax asset (DTA) is a tax/accounting concept that refers to an asset that may be used to reduce future tax liabilities of the holder. In a company's balance, it usually refers to situations where it has either overpaid taxes, paid taxes in advance, or has carry-over of losses (the latter being the most common situation). In fact, accounting and tax losses may be used to shield future profits from taxation, through tax loss carry-forwards. The purpose of this chapter is to propose a precise and conceptually sound approach to value DTAs. For that purpose, making use of an adapted binomial CRR (Cox, Ross, and Rubinstein) algorithm, the authors derive a precise way to value DTAs. This way, the DTAs are valued in a similar way of the binomial options pricing model, and the subjectivity of its evaluation is greatly reduced. The authors show that with the proposed evaluation techniques, the DTA's expected value will be much lower than the values normally used in today's practice, and the bank's financial analysis will lead to much more sound and realistic results.

THE INFLUENCE OF TAX DIFFERENCES ON THE INDICATORS OF FINANCIAL RESULTS OF BUSINESS ENTITIES: IDENTIFICATION AND ACCOUNTING

The article establishes the measure and direction of the influence of tax differences on the indicators of financial results of business entities and outlines approaches to the construction of an adequate accounting mechanism for income tax collection processes. An analysis of the impact on the financial result of a number of tax differences arising from typical business transactions: accrual of depreciation, disposal of an object of fixed assets, etc. It was proved that in the economic space of Ukraine there was no completion of the processes of final implementation of the simplification of the determination of the object of taxation by income tax of legal entities by synchronizing the indicators of "accounting" and "tax" profit. Measures implemented with the introduction of the Tax Code to harmonize the regulatory framework of accounting and tax accounting for taxation of profits of enterprises were analyzed. Details are given of the characteristics of income recognition for tax purposes by date and special rules for income recognition after the abolition of the category "gross income". It was established that the implementation of tax legislation regarding financial results is carried out by means of recognition and response to the presence of tax differences. Today, there are differences in the accrual of depreciation of non-negotiable assets with respect to financial performance; differences from the formation of reserves and collateral, differences in transactions for the sale or disposal of securities; Differences from financial transactions. The article discloses the essence of methodological approaches to calculating tax differences for such operations. The conclusion is justified that crisis phenomena in the country's economy and the impact of the pandemic on the global economic space actualize the need to reflect not only real, but also potential assets and liabilities, in particular deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities. The introduction of new documentary forms of accounting for tax differences and separate income and expenditure accounts for tax purposes can also be considered as areas of improvement of income tax accounting.

Valuation of Deferred Tax Assets Using a Closed Form Solution

Deferred tax asset (DTA) is a tax/accounting concept that refers to an asset that may be used to reduce future tax liabilities of the holder. It usually refers to situations where a company has either overpaid taxes, paid taxes in advance, or has carry-over of losses (the latter being the most common situation). DTAs are thus contingent claims, whose underlying assets are the company's future profits. Consequently, the correct approach to value such rights implies the use of a contingent claim valuation framework. The purpose of this chapter is to propose a precise and conceptually sound mathematical approach to value DTAs, considering future projections of earnings and rates, alongside the DTA's legal time limit. The authors show that with the proposed evaluation techniques, the DTA's expected value will be much lower than the values normally used in today's practice, and the company's financial analysis will lead to much more sound and realistic results.

Pajak Kini, Pajak Tangguhan, Aset Pajak Tangguhan, Liabilitas Pajak Tangguhan Terhadap Manajemen Laba

The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is an effect of current tax expense, deferred tax, deferred tax assets, and deferred tax liability on earnings management actions in consumer goods companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). This study's sample consisted of 27 consumer goods industries listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013-2017 using the purposive sampling method. Hypothesis testing in this study using the t-test. Earnings management is proxied by discretionary accruals using the Modified Jones Model. The type of data used is secondary data. Data analysis used OLS (regression equation analysis ordinary least square). The results show that the current tax has a significant effect on earnings management variables. The deferred tax affects earnings management, deferred tax assets affect earnings management, and deferred tax liabilities have no effect on earnings management. Research limitations The sample of companies used is considered less representative of the population because only manufacturing companies are used consumer goods. The research period in measuring earnings management variables is proxied by discretionary accruals for only five consecutive years, according to Jones (1991). profit can be seen if the research period is carried out for eight years. In this study, it is suggested that the research period used can be added, and the sample used can be extended to other company sectors and other measures of earnings management by using proxies.