Embryo movement is more frequent in avian brood parasites than birds with parental reproductive strategies

Movement of the embryo is essential for musculoskeletal development in vertebrates, yet little is known about whether, and why, species vary. Avian brood parasites exhibit feats of strength in early life as adaptations to exploit the hosts that rear them. We hypothesized that an increase in embryonic movement could allow brood parasites to develop the required musculature for these demands. We measured embryo movement across incubation for multiple brood-parasitic and non-parasitic bird species. Using a phylogenetically controlled analysis, we found that brood parasites exhibited significantly increased muscular movement during incubation compared to non-parasites. This suggests that increased embryo movement may facilitate the development of the stronger musculoskeletal system required for the demanding tasks undertaken by young brood parasites.

‘In the tents of the King as well as the Muses’

Chapter 1, ‘In the tents of the King as well as the Muses: The life and reputation of Thomas Willis’, starts with the reaction to Willis’s death, aged 54, in 1675. From there, an account is given of Willis’s childhood and education in Oxford and his activities supporting the Royalist cause during the Civil War. After training in medicine, Willis’s casebook, involvement with the Oxford Experimental Philosophical Club and the episode of Anne Greene, spared from dissection through resuscitation after judicial hanging, and his lectures as Sedleian professor of Natural Philosophy in Oxford, are described. After moving to London in 1667, Willis was in demand as a physician and involved with the other Fellows of the Royal Society in reshaping ideas on respiration, fermentation, and muscular movement. The chapter ends with an analysis of the consolidation of Willis’s reputation as a major figure in the history of medicine.{146 words}

'All manner of ingenuity and industry'

This book celebrates the quatercentenary of the birth of Thomas Willis on 27 January 1621. As a physician in Oxford, Willis’s work in the 1650s provides an example of rural medical practice in early modern England. As a member of the Oxford Philosophical Club that met from the 1640s, he was central to the development of new ideas on anatomy and physiology. As Sedleian professor of natural philosophy in Oxford, the surviving records of his lectures from the 1660s provide an example of teaching in medicine at that time. And, after moving to London in 1667, Willis continued to interact with a community of scientists and physicians who transformed ideas on respiration, muscular movement, and the nervous system.

Partial Mandibulectomy Rehabilitation of Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumour Case in Neutral Zone

Restoring the patient’s missing dentition secondary to partial mandibulectomy of KCOT is important to improve function and aesthetics. The patient presented with a significant loss of alveolar bone which makes the fabrication of rehabilitation prosthesis a significant challenge. A neutral-zone impression technique is helpful in determining the exact space to be restored without compromising aesthetics and it avoids functional muscle displacement that may displace the prosthesis. This article describes the neutral zone impression technique to record a patient's functional muscular movement in guiding the setting of acrylic teeth and denture flange in the neutral zone area. This technique is very useful for postsurgical cases with significant loss of alveolar bone.

Low Cost Battery Operated Vehicle Using Joystick Control for Physically Challenged

Wheelchairs are used by people having difficulty in walking due to disability or some illness. The wheelchairs can either be self-propelled or can be moved by using the torque developed from the electric motors fitted to the wheels. The use of automated wheelchairs has largely increased as it does not require any muscular movement from the user. The various automated wheelchair models available in the market are of high cost and cannot be afforded by everyone in need. In this project, we aim to develop a low cost automated wheelchairWithout compromising its reliability. The wheelchair movement is controlled by the user via a thumb joystick. The control algorithm is implemented by using ATMEGA 328P.