MORPHOLOGY AND NATIONAL-CULTURAL FEATURES OF MEDICAL TERMS RELATED TO COLOR IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE

This article, first of all, discusses the approach to medical terms as phenomena interrelated with language culture and speech culture, the morphology of medical terms related to color in the Uzbek language and their national-cultural features. In particular, the article provides a comprehensive and convincing explanation of the etymology and national-cultural aspects of medical terms (linguoculturology) based on the method of microanalysis. For example, when the author analyzes the term "ko'kyo'tal" (whooping cough) as a component, he divides it into parts such as "ko'k" (green) and "yo'tal" (cough), focusing on several semantic fibers of the word "green" and their specific connection with the word "cough". Comparing the name of this disease and its origin with other languages, including Russian, the specific ways of word formation in the Uzbek language are noted. KEYWORDS: term, lingvoculturology, component, semantics, morphology, equivalent, etymology, communication, nomination, infection, virus, immunity, tissue, lexeme, sema, semema, medicine.

Ly49R activation receptor drives self-MHC–educated NK cell immunity against cytomegalovirus infection

Natural killer (NK) cells mediate vital control of cancer and viral infection. They rely on MHC class I (MHC I)-specific self-receptors to identify and lyse diseased cells without harming self-MHC I-bearing host cells. NK cells bearing inhibitory self-receptors for host MHC I also undergo education, referred to as licensing, which causes them to become more responsive to stimulation via activation receptor signaling. Previous work has shown that licensed NK cells selectively expand during virus infections and they are associated with improved clinical response in human patients experiencing certain chronic virus infections, including HIV and hepatitis C virus. However, the importance of inhibitory self-receptors in NK-mediated virus immunity is debated as they also limit signals in NK cells emanating from virus-specific activation receptors. Using a mouse model of MHC I-dependent (H-2Dk) virus immunity, we discovered that NK cells depend on the Ly49G2 inhibitory self-receptor to mediate virus control, which coincided with host survival during murine cytomegalovirus infection. This antiviral effect further requires active signaling in NK cells via the Ly49R activation receptor that also binds H-2Dk. In tandem, these functionally discordant Ly49 self-receptors increase NK cell proliferation and effector activity during infection, resulting in selective up-regulation of CD25 and KLRG1 in virus-specific Ly49R+Ly49G2+NK cells. Our findings establish that paired self-receptors act as major determinants of NK cell-mediated virus sensing and immunity.

West Nile virus infection in individuals with pre-existing Usutu virus immunity, northern Italy, 2018

In 2018, there was a large West Nile virus (WNV) outbreak in northern Italy. We observed five atypical cases of WNV infection that were characterised by the presence of WNV RNA and WNV IgG at the time of diagnosis, but no IgM response during follow-up. Neutralisation assays demonstrated pre-existing Usutu virus immunity in all patients. Besides challenging diagnosis, the immunological crosstalk between the two viruses warrants further investigation on possible cross-protection or infection enhancement effects.