Trust in Open Source Software Development Communities

This study presents the significance of trust for the formation of an Open Source Software Development (OSSD) community. OSSD has various challenges that must be overcome for its successful operation. First is the development of a community, which requires a healthy community formation environment. Taking into consideration various factors for community formation, a strong sense of TRUST among its members has been felt. Trust development is a slow process with various methods for building and maintaining it. OSSD is teamwork but the team is of unknowns and volunteers. Trust forms a pillar for effective cooperation, which leads to a reduction in conflicts and risks, associated with quality software development. This study offers an overview of various existing trust models, which aids in the development of a trust evaluation framework for OSSD communities. Towards the end of the study, various components of the trust evaluation along with an empirical framework for the same have been proposed.

The Modern Approach to Rapport Building with Children Affected by Crisis Events

The article is dedicated to the problem of providing an opportune psychological aid to children who were affected by crisis events. Observation, surveys, conservation were used as the methods of the study. The article emphasizes that the rapport building with children and their parents is one of the first and basic steps to provide psychological help. In order to develop the effective psychological methods and techniques of working with children who were affected by crisis events, scientific works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists were analysed. Therefore, the positive regard, emergence of interest and topic of conservation were determined as essential aspects of any rapport establishing. As well as, the main goals of the rapport building are the abatement of emotional tension and mutual trust development. As a consequence of the study, two stages of the child-psychologist interaction were determined. The first is providing the sense of safety and the second is direct interaction with a child. Also, some rapport building techniques for children of different ages were proposed in the article. These techniques should be used only individually for each specific case. In addition, the rapport building is determined as an inalienable condition of any effective further treatment.

Measuring Political Trust in a Modern Democracy

Systematic review of articles on the problem of measuring political trust published in such authoritative scientific journals as “European Political Science Review”, “British Journal of Politics and International Relations”, “Parliamentary Affairs”, “Journal of Public Policy”, “Political Science Quarterly”, “Perspectives on Politics” and “International Journal of Public Opinion Research”, demonstrates considerable attention of scientists to the problem of political trust in a modern democracy and pursues as its goal the development of a methodological basis for political trust research. The methodology of the review on the problem of measuring political trust involves a comparative analysis of the results of studies in the field of assessing political trust. Among the main tasks of the article are: generalization of scientific approaches to political trust, development of methods for political trust measurements and its result interpretation, characterization of the crisis of trust in a modern democracy. The objectives of the study include identifying conceptual scientific works of Western scientists for the period 2011–2021, which allow tracing the modernization of ideas about the object of political trust, characterize the methods of measuring the level of political trust used in modern socio-political science, and reveal differences in the formation of moral and strategic trust. The differences in moral political trust, where trusting relationships are formed on the basis of the experience and personal interaction of subjects, and strategic trust, where political culture is formed and certain expectations that political leaders will make correct, rational decisions are based on fundamental ideas about the political an order where constant change forms personal and institutional ties. Measuring political trust, which is the basis of interaction between citizens and the state, is an issue of fundamental importance for characterizing the quality of democracy, and the rule of law is impossible without a high level of political trust.

Shared projects and symbiotic collaborations: Shenzhen and London in comparative conversation

This paper presents ‘shared projects’ and the ‘symbiotic’ relations they engender to capture accounts of state and society actors collaborating to turn individual constraints into collective opportunities for pursuing urban experiments which are institutionally-shaped but also institution-shaping. The concepts are developed through a sequential and recursive comparison – that is, a ‘comparative conversation’– between a case of urban village upgrading in Shenzhen and Community Land Trust Development in London. The paper uses a pragmatist approach to capitalist transformation as a starting point for comparison between these supposedly ‘incomparable’ cases. I build both heterogeneous and generalisable accounts of the pathways and progressive potential of collaborations on shared projects by recursively composing analytical proximities across the cases and their contexts of state entrepreneurialism and austerity localism. Theoretically, this paper contributes to scholarship which focuses on the contingency and complexity inherent in urban transformation. State and society actors are seen as potential collaborators working pragmatically to solve systemic problems without necessarily targeting wholesale systemic change. Methodologically, it contributes to ongoing attempts to demonstrate the positive relationship between experimental comparisons and conceptual innovation through staging a ‘comparative conversation’.

THE TRUST AS SPECIAL-PURPOSE INSTITUTION

The trust figure has undergone interesting developments in South African law during the last century. Due to its flexibility and multi-functionality it has developed as the legal institution of choice for many holistic business structures: from estate-planning and risk-protection, to financial-instrument entity. Particular financial innovations, such as securitization, required regulators to come up with fresh solutions within existing legal and regulatory systems. The traditional role of the inter vivos trust as a family wealth-transfer device became rather trivial as the importance of the financial and corporate roles of trusts increased. Trusts are not only prevalent in securitization and other investment roles, but also fulfil an increasingly important role in organizational law, which includes a variety of business-legal fields. The evolutionary process of the trust as collective investment-scheme vehicle to that of a legal entity in structured-finance programmes,such as a special purpose instrument, matured without any resistance in South Africa. It is submitted that, in the trust-development process, South Africa should not necessarily find its inspiration solely in developed nations, but should rather position itself in its real context of a developing Southern African democracy, with the potential of becoming an important financial innovator in a world of economic turmoil.It is submitted that a sound legal and regulatory framework for the application of trusts in the financial sphere is crucial. International best practice requires a definite and effective regulatory environment for economic expediency. It is submitted that a hybrid system, as found in South Africa, is better suited to adapt to the challenges of an ever-changing legal and economic reality. It is submitted that legislative interventions should be limited to the bare minimum and a holistic approach should be adopted, including the ratification of The HagueConvention on Trusts and some focused soft-law interventions.

Implicit theories of malleability in machines influence the perception and trust repair of intelligent agent

After an intelligent agent makes an error, trust repair can be attempted to regain lost trust. While several ways are possible, individuals' underlying perception of malleability in machines--implicit theory-- can also influence the agent's trust repair process. In this study, we investigated the influence of implicit theory of machines on intelligent agents' apology after the trust violation. A 2 (implicit theory: Incremental vs. Entity) X 2 (apology attribution: Internal vs. External) between-subject design experiment of simulated stock market investment was conducted (N = 150) via online. Participants were given a situation in which they had to make investment decisions based on the recommendation of an artificial intelligence agent. We created an investment game consist of 40 investment opportunities to see the process of trust development, trust violation, and trust repair. The results show that trust damaged less severely in Incremental rather than Entity implicit theory condition and External rather than internal attribution apology condition after the trust violation. However, trust recovered more highly in Entity-External condition. We discussed both theoretical and practical implications.

Sifting Interactional Trust Through Institutions to Manage Trust in Project Teams: An Organizational Change Project

Trust in project teams has been found to lead to positive project outcomes. However, the role of project managers in facilitating development of trust in projects is not well-understood. This article addresses this by exploring mechanisms to facilitate the development of interactional and institutional trust and explicating the interplay between those mechanisms. Drawing on longitudinal data from an organizational change project, findings suggest that to facilitate trust development, project managers must concurrently exercise four practices: preaching, involving, sympathizing, and adhering. Simultaneous and tailored application of the first three practices affects interactional trust; the latter not only fosters institutional trust but is also a necessary filter for the dynamics of interactional trust.