Classification of transport interchange hubs: A case study of Moscow

Transport interchange hubs (TIH) combine the features of public buildings and transportation facilities. Their functional diversity and technological features dictate their uniqueness and the inability to use standard space-planning solutions. Classification and research of the TIH will help to successfully develop and implement a large number of objects simultaneously. The author describes an approach to the TIH classification according to the following features: capacity (volume of passenger traffic), composition (number of modes of transport), functionality, location in the city and planning structure.

Space ectogenesis: securing survival of humans and Earth life with minimal risks – reply to Szocik

Assuming that securing the long-term survival of humans and Earth life is a valid goal, we briefly compare the strategies of building standard space colonies, such as on Mars, and embryo space colonization (ESC). In ESC embryos of humans and other Earth species would be sent to exoplanets and raised there via ectogenesis and android assistants. We find that the potential for securing long-term survival is far greater for ESC than for standard colonies, while the bioethical and other risks are far fewer.

Amyloid burden quantification depends on PET and MR image processing methodology

Quantification of amyloid load with positron emission tomography can be useful to assess Alzheimer’s Disease in-vivo. However, quantification can be affected by the image processing methodology applied. This study’s goal was to address how amyloid quantification is influenced by different semi-automatic image processing pipelines. Images were analysed in their Native Space and Standard Space; non-rigid spatial transformation methods based on maximum a posteriori approaches and tissue probability maps (TPM) for regularisation were explored. Furthermore, grey matter tissue segmentations were defined before and after spatial normalisation, and also using a population-based template. Five quantification metrics were analysed: two intensity-based, two volumetric-based, and one multi-parametric feature. Intensity-related metrics were not substantially affected by spatial normalisation and did not significantly depend on the grey matter segmentation method, with an impact similar to that expected from test-retest studies (≤10%). Yet, volumetric and multi-parametric features were sensitive to the image processing methodology, with an overall variability up to 45%. Therefore, the analysis should be carried out in Native Space avoiding non-rigid spatial transformations. For analyses in Standard Space, spatial normalisation regularised by TPM is preferred. Volumetric-based measurements should be done in Native Space, while intensity-based metrics are more robust against differences in image processing pipelines.

Variability in the macro- and microstructure of the human brain and its importance to the investigation of neurological disorders

The exact shape of every human brain - including its micro- and macroscopic features - is as unique as a human fingerprint, resulting in inter-individual anatomical variability. In the past two decades, the understanding of this variability advanced dramatically not only at the level of sulcal/gyral patterns, anatomical features (e.g. cortical thickness, volume and shape) and extent of cytoarchitectonic areas defined at the microscopic level, but also in the anatomical and functional connectivity of the brain. The core concept within the field of brain mapping is the use of a standardized 3D coordinate frame for data analysis and reporting of findings from neuroimaging experiments. This simple construct allows brain researchers to combine (even structural or functional) data from many subjects to create group-averaged signals. Also, where the signal is robust enough to be detected in individuals, it allows for the exploration of inter-individual variance in the location of that signal. Spatial standardization requires two basic components: (i) the specification of the 3D standard coordinate space, and (ii) a mapping function that transforms a 3D brain image from “native” space to that standard space. The first component is usually expressed by the choice of a representative 3D MR image that serves as target (template or atlas). The native image is re-sampled to standard space under the mapping function that may have few or many degrees of freedom, depending upon the experimental design. The optimal choice of atlas template and mapping function depends upon considerations of age, gender, hemispheric asymmetry, anatomical correspondence, spatial normalization methodology and disease-specificity (1). In our studies we investigated some of these aspects, e.g. 1) how gender and normal aging influences brain morphology, 2) how normal hemispheric asymmetry plays a role in lateralized neurological diseases, such as cluster headache, 3) how progressive neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington’s disease affect the brain structure, or 4) how we can deal with inter-individual variability in case of neurosurgical interventions, such as thalamotomy in the therapy of medication resistant tremor.

Vague Seperation and Connectedness

In this paper we blessing dark standard space, questionable run of the mill space,vague entire common zone and besides deduce a couple of speculations on those. also mean cloud connectedness, dicey unequivocally connectedness, unsure insistently disconnectedness, questionable C5 detached, part and additionally choose a couple of theories

On the Notion of Scalar Product for Finite-dimensional Diffeological Vector Spaces

It is known that the only finite-dimensional diffeological vector space that admits a diffeologically smooth scalar product is the standard space of appropriate dimension. In this note, a way to dispense withthis issue is considered, by introducing a notion of pseudo-metric, which, said informally, is the least-degeneratesymmetric bilinear form on a given space. This notion is applied to make some observations on subspaces which split off as smooth direct summands (providing examples which illustrate that not all subspaces do), and then to show that the diffeological dual of a finite-dimensional diffeological vector space always has the standard diffeology and in particular, any pseudo-metric on the initial space induces, in theobvious way, a smooth scalar product on the dual.