Prosulas in Manuscripts

This chapter examines prosulas in the context of their manuscript sources. Within the larger context of the Beneventan region, the city of Benevento was a highly productive center of production, while Montecassino, the motherhouse of the Benedictine order, was not. This contrast is probably more the consequences of abbot Desiderius’s liturgical reform aiming at liturgical uniformity (after 1059) than of the original attitude of Montecassino monks. Manuscripts from Apulia and Dalmatia, on the other hand, yield a small, but significant, repertory of prosula. Concordances with non-Beneventan sources also show a strong network of interregional exchanges. New evidence is provided for the redefinition of several manuscripts’ origins and about nuns’ involvement in chant practices. The chapter is subdivided in four major sections; manuscripts from Benevento; manuscripts from other regional centers; fragmentary sources; extra-regional concordances.

TRENDS OF FORMATION OF SACRED SPACE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The article analyzes the iconic temples of the twentieth century. The anthroposophical theory of architecture is presented, which assumed that the world and man are permeated by different types of spiritual forces, due to the forms of objects of the visible world can be strengthened or weakened. An understanding of the harmony of forms in the formation of sacred space is presented. The architecture of the sacred constructions erected on the principle of organic architecture is considered. The influence of German Expressionist architects on the formation of the temple architecture they created, as well as the regularity of the use of geometric figures and the use of magic numbers are presented. A look at the mysterious nature of the connection of people in a society that is close to the types of connections that connect religious communities is presented. The forms of individual sacred buildings and ways of organizing their interiors are analyzed, which led to the conclusion that the ideas of the revival of social unity arose as a result of a combination of various elements, such as Christian religion and non-political socialism. The phenomenon of perception of the Church as a social organization is presented, but also of the church as a building, which became a model of a proper social organization in the early 20th century. Perceptions of the Gothic cathedral as a phenomenon of the community association of architects are highlighted. The use of Gothic typography for the design of publications of the early twentieth century is considered. The need to take into account the relationship between certain forms and messages, which are transmitted through them in the formation of sacred space. An attempt is also made to adapt the principles of modernism to the needs of the formation of sacred space. The tendencies of formation of sacred space in the XX century are revealed, namely: Anthroposophical; community worship and liturgical reform.

Ritual as а Subject of Religious Reflexivity in British Social Anthropology and Catholic Traditionalism

This article discusses how the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) and the liturgical reform in the Catholic Church enhanced critical reflexivity on ritual semiotics and the boundaries of ritualism and anti-ritualism in British social anthropology (namely, in the works of Victor Turner and Mary Douglas) and in the protest movement of Catholic Traditionalism, and furnished the conditions for their discursive convergence. Since Turner and Douglas were Catholics, the similarities in the logic and rhetoric of academic and “folk” anthropology of ritual inevitably raise questions commonly labeled as the problem of belief, focusing on the risks and benefits of the anthropologist's religious commitments for ethnographic work. A close analysis of statements on liturgical reform by British anthropologists and Traditionalist Catholics shows that they share a common, Durkheimian view of ritual and social order; at the same time, intellectual and spiritual biographies of Turner and Douglas demonstrate that sometimes anthropology can influence anthropologists' belief as much as their belief influences their anthropology. These observations provide grounds for a revision of the problem of belief with a Protestant bias. The association of belief with the inner life and creeds is one of the many ways of conceptualizing the mediation of religious experience. In some cultures, such as traditional Catholicism, no lesser emphasis is placed on ritual performance. Thus, an exploration of the proximity of anthropological and Traditionalist “languages” of ritual description opens up prospects for a discussion of the place of attitudes toward ritual in anthropological epistemology and its historical roots.

Mass Intentions: The Historical Development of a Practice: [Mass Intentions—Part One]

The issue of Mass intentions, where the priest is asked to “apply” a particular Mass for the intention of a donor, has been somewhat neglected in contemporary Eucharistic theology. But the continued practice raises a number of theological questions especially in light of the liturgical reform initiated by the Second Vatican Council. This article (the first of two) surveys the complex factors that went into the development of this practice. [ Editor’s note: The second part will be published in the March 2021 issue.]

Martin Luther: music and mission

This article seeks to demonstrate Martin Luther's often-overlooked credentials as a musician. Luther was convinced that music was the viva voce evangelii (living voice of the gospel), and unlike other more radical Reformation movements, he encouraged the use of choral and congregational singing in worship. Some of his familiar hymns – Nun freut euch, Ein’ feste Burg and Aus tiefer Not – offer insights into his ambitions to embed congregational singing into his vision of reformed worship, which went hand in hand with liturgical reform. Luther's Formula Missae and the vernacular Deutsche Messe lay the groundwork for Lutheran worship, which restructured the service around the centrality of the gospel proclamation. Luther's musical tradition reached its zenith in the work of J. S. Bach, which continues to echo in the Western musical canon, leaving Luther with a lasting musical legacy.

Conditioning Factors in Simplification of Catholic Temples after Vatican II in Brazil

Under the influence of the liturgical reform promoted in the 20th century, Catholic temples assumed very simple characteristics, especially after the determinations of the Second Vatican Council. This simplification can be observed both in the construction of new temples and in the adaptation of others built before the period in question, causing the loss of its identity. In order to understand the simplification of these sacred spaces, we chose the case study: the renovation of Santa Maria de Campos dos Goytacazes Parish Church, located in the North of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In the architectural intervention of this sacred space, conditioning factors were identified as: impositions of the local community; priests who are unaware of ecclesiastical determinations for liturgical space; and the scarcity of architects familiar with liturgical practices and conciliar guidelines. It is necessary to consider new proposals for the use of space, particularly in the rehabilitation of sacred spaces after the Second Vatican Council.

The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II

This second volume in The History of Scottish Theology comprises 29 essays ranging from the early Enlightenment to the end of the ‘long nineteenth century’. Attention is devoted to key doctrinal and apologetic themes relating to the inheritance of Reformed orthodoxy and the appearance of deism, as well as to newer challenges and revisionist approaches that later emerged. The extent to which the mid eighteenth-century scholars of the Church of Scotland were committed to the movement that later became known as ‘the Scottish Enlightenment’ is discussed by several contributors who explore the importance of Moderate and Evangelical trends. The influence of nineteenth-century continental developments, including kenotic Christology, idealism, and biblical criticism, is also registered, alongside exploration of the issues raised by religious scepticism, slavery, and the natural sciences. Several essays are devoted to describing the wider dissemination and refraction of theological ideas in Gaelic women’s poetry, Scottish literature, liturgical reform, preaching, hymn writing, and civic architecture. The international influence of Scottish theology is also described, both through the work of important thinkers who migrated to the USA and in the establishment of Scots colleges in Europe.

“Sacrosanctum Concilium” e reforma litúrgica pós-conciliar no Brasil. Um olhar panorâmico no contexto histórico geral da liturgia: dificuldades, realizações, desafios

Para uma revisão dos 40 anos de aplicação da Constituição “Sacrosanctum Concilium” sobre a Sagrada Liturgia no Brasil – e quiçá em toda a América Latina –, o autor busca situar o documento no contexto histórico geral da liturgia. Primeiro verifica algumas características da liturgia no primeiro milênio da era cristã. Depois, constata como a liturgia foi tratada no segundo milênio, apontando alguns significativos deslocamentos de eixo na compreensão e vivência da mesma. A partir deste panorama histórico comparativo, pode-se entender o porquê da reforma litúrgica, proposta pelo Vaticano II, bem como as dificuldades que ela tem enfrentado em nosso país, não obstante as inúmeras realizações. Daí, enfim, emergem algumas perspectivas e desafios para o futuro.Abstract: In an attempt to examine the application of the Constitution “Sacrosanctum Concilium” on the Sacred Liturgy during the past 40 years in Brazil – and perhaps in Latin America as a whole – the author seeks to place the document in the general historical contexto of the Liturgy. As a first step, he identifies some characteristics of the Liturgy in the first millennium of the Christian Age. Next, he describes how it was dealt with in the second millennium, pointing to some significant deviations in the axle that influenced the way it was interpreted and practiced. With the help of this comparative historical panorama it becomes possible to understand why Vatican II proposed a liturgical reform, as well as the reasons for the difficulties the Liturgy has faced in our country despite its numerous achievements. From the above arguments, there finally emerge some new perspectives and challenges for the future.

Conclusion

Returning to the present-day situation where the introduction left off, the conclusion examines the current liturgy of the Jerusalem patriarchate and the recently revived practice of the Liturgy of Saint James in the Byzantine rite throughout the Orthodox world, revealing liturgical practice that is caught in nineteenth-century romanticism and unaware of the authentic liturgical tradition of Jerusalem. The conclusion then summarizes the previous five chapters, showing that the liturgical Byzantinization of Jerusalem cannot be explained exclusively through changes to the surrounding historical context, such as the destruction of holy sites or Byzantine imperial ideology. Rather the explanation lies in a spontaneous liturgical reform carried out by scribes and monks in Jerusalem and Palestine who were familiar with the liturgical tradition of Constantinople. Further answers to the phenomenon of Byzantinization are to be found in Antioch, which also lost its local liturgical traditions at the expense of Byzantine liturgical influence.