Outrage and the Bounds of Empathy

Often, when we are angry, we are angry at someone who has hurt us. Our anger is a protest against a perceived mistreatment, and its function is to hold the person accountable for their offense. The anger involves a demand for some sort of change or response: that the hurt be acknowledged, that the relationship be repaired, that the offending party reform in some way. Call this “reform” anger. A different sort of attitude, often contrasted with reform anger, is hatred. Hatred is also a response to a perceived mistreatment, and it also demands some sort of change. Unlike reform anger, however, its goal is not to repair the relationship. Instead, its goal is destruction, to remove the offending party. In this paper, I develop and defend an account of a third sort of attitude, which I call “outrage” anger, that is distinct from both reform anger and hatred. I argue that outrage anger has an important role to play in the context of political injustice, but that it also comes with significant costs. In §1, I introduce outrage anger, and contrast it with reform anger. In §2, drawing on the work of Maria Lugones, I develop an account of outrage anger as a second-order attitude directed at the state of affairs in which a violation is not fully intelligible as the violation it is. I argue its central function is a kind of psychological boundary setting: it closes off the victim’s ability to feel empathy for their abuser. In §3, I show that the benefits of outrage come with serious costs, both epistemic and prudential. In §4, I make some suggestions about when, and for whom, the benefits of outrage outweigh the costs.

It’s Not Just Sex: Relational Dynamics between Street-Based Sex Workers and Their Regular Customers

Establishing regular customers is an integral aspect of any service industry since they can increase profits and referrals. Most research on regulars within sex work focuses on indoor, high-end workers, who cultivate them through relational work practices. Yet very little is known about whether street-based sex workers employ these same tactics or even seek out regulars. This article draws upon interviews with 36 street-based sex workers in Washington, DC, USA. Sex workers dedicate considerable time and effort in order to retain regulars via relational work, noting such customers offer greater economic stability and fewer risks. Relational work also has disadvantages, exacerbated by the illicit and illegal nature of this work. Street-based sex workers navigate boundary setting and slippage as a part of retaining or rejecting regular clients. These findings have implications for policies that can reduce harms for sex workers and enhance their protections.

The activation of industrial heritage: Transformation in the Petite Ceinture

The development of the social economy has led to the reorganization of the original layout structure and spatial functions of the city. Based on the development background of the Petite Ceinture railway space, this article conceives the attribute transformation and activation method of this industrial heritage. The proposed methodology, applied to the leftover spaces in Paris: integrating the biodiversity; softening the boundary; setting up installations. This paper investigates the relationship between the vitality of leftover space and the texture of the cities. It is proposed to try to reconnect the leftover space with the city through a multi-dimensional system corresponding to the diversified space and make good use of its unique location and internal potential.

Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Redistribusi Tanah Eks Kawasan Hutan di Kabupaten Musi Rawas

In 2019, Musi Rawas Regency carried out land redistribution on ex-forest land. The issuance of Presidential Regulation Number 86 in 2018 is expected to accelerate the implementation of agrarian reform. This regulation requires the provision of technical standards, institutional, and stage of activity that run in ideal condition. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research to explain the extent of the suitability of that components applied in its implementation. This research uses qualitative method and descriptive approach. The result of this research are in the form of mechanism for change of status of forest area through forest area inauguration and the implementation of that land redistribution is carried out according to procedure. Constraints encountered include the relinquishment of the forest area which is still at the official report of the boundary setting area which is still at the official report of the boundary setting stage, the revision of land use plan (RTRW) is still in progress, and some administrative deficiencies can be resolved appropriately with good coordination between that stakeholders involved.Pada tahun 2019, Kabupaten Musi Rawas melaksanakan redistribusi tanah dari tanah eks kawasan hutan. Terbitnya Peraturan Presiden Nomor 86 Tahun 2018 diharapkan dapat mempercepat pelaksanaan reforma agraria. Regulasi ini mensyaratkan adanya standar teknis, kelembagaan, dan tahapan kegiatan yang berjalan dalam kondisi ideal. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk menjelaskan sejauh mana kesesuaian komponen tersebut diterapkan dalam pelaksanaanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Hasil penelitiannya menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme perubahan status kawasan hutan dilakukan dengan pengukuhan kawasan hutan dan pelaksanaan redistribusi tanah tersebut dilaksanakan sesuai prosedur. Kendala-kendala yang ditemui, yakni pelepasan kawasan hutan yang baru sampai pada tahap berita acara tata batas, revisi Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) sedang berjalan, dan beberapa kekurangan kelengkapan administrasi yang seharusnya bisa diselesaikan dengan tepat dengan koordinasi yang baik antara stakeholder yang terlibat

A Frame-Based Analysis of Verbal Particles in Hungarian

The verbal particle in Hungarian raises a number of intriguing issues for any theory of the syntax-semantics interface. In this article, we aim at a formal account of the semantic contribution of various verbal particles in Hungarian and we show how the semantic representation of the clause can be compositionally derived. We will concentrate on the four frequent particles meg-, le-, el- and fel-. Our approach makes use of a formalized version of Role and Reference Grammar and the framework of decompositional frame semantics. In particular, we give a formal representation of the boundary-setting function of the verbal particle in terms of decompositional frames which builds on a scalar change analysis. We furthermore analyze the interaction of the particle with resultative adjectives and provide a formal model of how their syntactic representations drive their frame-semantic composition.