Assessment of Utility of Immunohistochemical Marker Prostein for Evaluation of Primary and Metastatic Prostatic Carcinomas

Background: To assess utility of immunohistochemical marker prostein for evaluation of primary and metastatic prostatic carcinomas.Methods:Fifty- six samples of clinically suspected carcinoma prostate was included. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for assessment of Prostein (P501S). The intensity of positivity was scored from 0 to 3 as follows: score 0 = non-stained; score 1 = weak; score 2 = moderate; and score 3 = strong. The percentage of positively stained cells for each staining intensity was estimated in the respective lesions.Results:Age group 18-28 years comprised of 6 patients, 28-38 years had 12, 38- 48 years had 16 and >48 years had 22 cases. Type of cases were normal prostatic epithelium in 11, benign prostate hyperplasia in 23, HGPIN in 10, primary prostatic adenocarcinoma in 7 and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma in 5 cases. Prostein expression was seen in 100% in normal prostatic epithelium with intensity score of 1.8-2.1, benign prostate hyperplasia having 2-2.7, HGPIN with 2-2.3, primary prostatic adenocarcinoma having 1-1.6 and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma with 0.8-1.4 intensity score. Conclusion:Prostein is a new prostate specific marker which showed 100% sensitivity and specificity to identify normal and prostatic lesions.

Gene of the month: NKX3.1

NKX3.1 is a multifaceted protein with roles in prostate development and protection from oxidative stress. Acting as a pioneer factor, NKX3.1 interacts with chromatin at enhancers to help integrate androgen regulated signalling. In prostate cancer, NKX3.1 activity is frequently reduced through a combination of mutational and post-translational events. Owing to its specificity for prostate tissue, NKX3.1 has found use as an immunohistochemical marker in routine histopathology practice.

CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF GASTROINTESTINAL LEIOMYOMAS WHICH ARE COMPLICATED BY BLEEDING

Aim: Investigation of the morphological structure of gastrointestinal leiomyomas which complicated by bleeding, and also reveal the reasons of such complications. Material and methods: There are 36 patients in the study group. All patients were hospitalized in Vinnitsa Regional Clinical Hospital during 2010-2021years with the features of acute gastrointestinal bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract. The verification of the tumor was carried out using histopathological and immunohistochemical studies in the postoperative period. According to the results of these studies, all patients were diagnosed with leiomyoma. Results: Among all patients hospitalized with an acute GI bleeding during 2010 - 2021, GI leiomyomas were diagnosed in 0.41%. Men accounted for 56.4%, women - 43.6%. Most of all there were patients aged 50-70 years. The size of the smallest tumor witch removed was 2.5 × 2 cm, the largest - 10 × 8 cm. In our study, leiomyomas that were complicated by bleeding were most often localized in the stomach (88.9%) and duodenum (8.3%), and only in one case (2.8%) in the esophagus. Most of the complicated leiomyomas became leiomyomas of such pathomorphological types as cellular, epitheloid and weird leiomyomas. Their histological structure has its own characteristics. The manifestations of neoangiogenesis and destruction of the blood vessels are clearly visible. There is a thin, it is extensions, all vessels are lacunars and sinusoidal. Also it has sings of angiomatosis. Immunohistochemical analysis of all leiomyomas in the study group showed a positive reaction to smooth muscle actin and desmin, and was negative for CD117 and CD34. In all complicated leiomyomas, the intensity of expression of the immunohistochemical marker of endothelial vessels CD31, which is responsible for the level of vascularization, was high, which confirms the results obtained in histopathological examination. The proliferation index of all complicated leiomyomas was below 5%, which confirms the benign nature of these tumors. But the mean expression level of Ki-67 was statistically higher for complicated leiomyomas. Conclusions: During the histopathological examination it was found that leiomyomas of the proliferative pathomorphological subspecies, which include cellular, epitheloid, and weird leiomyomas, were most often complicated by bleeding. Factors that affect the growth rate of gastrointestinal leiomyomas include the level of proliferative activity of the tumor and the level of its vascularization. Determination of the level of tumor proliferation is performed using the immunohistochemical marker Ki-67, and to determine the level of vascularization is responsible for the immunohistochemical marker CD31. Upper gastrointestinal leiomyomas, which complicated by bleeding were characterized by high levels of Ki-67 and CD31 expression. The obtained research data can be used in the selection of diagnostic and treatment management for patients with leiomyomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Expression of GATA3 and Cytokeratin 14 in Urinary Bladder Carcinoma (Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study)

BACKGROUND: Urothelial carcinoma (UC) with squamous differentiation (SD) is the most common histologic variant of bladder carcinoma and its presence is associated with poor prognosis which may need early radical cystectomy to avoid progression and recurrence. It is difficult to detect few foci of SD, especially nonkeratinizing or early switch from urothelial to squamous epithelium on only morphological basis. Combination of GATA3 and Cytokeratin 14 (CK14) could be helpful in differentiating pure UC, UC with SD and pure squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). AIM: Assessment of GATA3 and CK14 expression in urinary bladder carcinoma and correlation with clinical and histopathological variables, for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty cases of archived paraffin blocks of urinary bladder carcinoma were tested for GATA3 and CK14 expression by immunohistochemistry using a rabbit monoclonal antibody against human CK 14 and mouse monoclonal antibody against GATA3, respectively. RESULTS: There is a significant correlation between GATA3 immunohistochemical expression and histological tumor subtypes of bladder carcinoma (p < 0.001), i.e. the GATA3 is a useful marker for urothelial origin especially in papillary UC. There is a significant correlation between GATA3 immunohistochemical expression and UC grade (p < 0.001). CK14 showed positive cytoplasmic staining in 9/14 (64.3%) cases of UC with SD and (13/13) (100%) cases of pure SCC and negative in 33/33(100%) cases of UC other than UC with SD. CK14 had sensitivity (64.3%) and specificity (100%) for areas of SD. CONCLUSION: GATA3 is a specific immunohistochemical marker for urothelial origin. CK14 is a highly specific and sensitive immunohistochemical marker of squamous cell carcinoma.