This chapter discusses how James Madison, considered the Father of the Constitution, thought the best way to preserve political stability was to divide factions so that none could ever form a permanent majority. Indeed, Madison and the Framers feared political parties, and thought they had devised a political system that would prevent parties from ever forming. They were wrong: As they quickly found out, political parties were necessary for modern mass democracy to function. However, they were also right: Above all, they feared just two parties, one of which would be a majority. Majorities, they understood, have a tendency to oppress minorities. Ultimately, their prescient warnings about a doom loop of toxic two-party politics resonate today. Today, America faces the same toxic partisanship the Framers understood would be fatal to democracy-the partisanship where every single policy confrontation collapses into one single irresolvable partisan conflict, where trust breaks down, and where political disagreement becomes about domination and victory over the other.