A comparative study of amino phenoxide zirconium catalysts in the hydrophosphination of alkenes with diphenylphosphine reveals enhanced activity upon irradiation. The origin of improved reactivity is hypothesized to result from substrate insertion upon an n to d charge transfer of a Zr–P bond in the excited state of putative phosphido (Zr–PR2) intermediates. TD-DFT analysis reveals the lowest lying excited state in the proposed active catalysts are dominated by a P 3p to Zr 4d MLCT, presumably leading to enhanced catalysis. This hypothesis follows from triamidoamine-supported zirconium catalysts but demonstrates the generality of photocatalytic hydrophosphination with d0 metals.
Enhanced activity and stability of protein-glutaminase by Hofmeister effects