Treatment of follicular cysts in children by decompression (case report)

Among cysts of inflammatory origin, radicular and follicular cysts are most often found in children. Follicular cysts are found with a frequency of 35.5-42% among all odontogenic cysts between the ages of 7 and 14 years. It was found that the localization of the follicular cyst depends on age: in children, the lower premolars (20.8%) and upper canines (10%) are more often causal, in adults, the lower third molars (23.3%) and upper canines (18.3 %). Cysts from the rudiments of deciduous teeth are quite rare [1].

REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSES OF MULTIPAROUS HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN DAIRY CATTLE WITH FOLLICULAR CYSTS TO GnRH OR FURTHER OVSYNCH PROTOCOL AND WITH LUTEAL CYSTS TO PGF2α OR FURTHER 12-DAY PRESYNCH PROTOCOL

Ovarian cysts, estimated as the most frequent ovarian disorder in dairy cattle, can impact the economic aspect and trigger serious loss by affecting the reproductive performance. However, treatment strategies for ovarian cysts in dairy cattle are disputed, as some researchers favour the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) for all cysts, whereas others recommend this treatment only for follicular cysts, with prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) for luteal cysts, but not all of the dairy cattle responded to these regimes. Other studies mention a spontaneous recovery for some of the dairy cattle that present this disorder. However, the Ovsynch protocol appears to be the most used for treating ovarian follicular cysts, despite low pregnancy rates. Thus, this study’s main purpose is to assess by analogy the reproductive efficiency of multiparous dairy cattle with follicular cysts after treatment with a recommended dose of GnRH or a further Ovsynch protocol, and of cattle with luteal cysts after PGF2α or a further 12-day Presynch protocol, by comparing the reproductive responses between treated and non-treated cattle. It is remarkable that ten of the dairy cattle diagnosed with ovarian cysts recovered spontaneously without any hormonal intervention, but the reproductive performance indicates that treatment should be started as soon as the condition is diagnosed. Compared with other studies, our approach improved the conception (82.4% and 64.3%, respectively) and pregnancy rates (53.8% and 50%, respectively) in both follicular and luteal cysts.

Alterations of Serum Metabolites and Fecal Microbiota Involved in Ewe Follicular Cyst

While the interactions of the gut microbiome and blood metabolome have been widely studied in polycystic ovary disease in women, follicular cysts of ewes have been scarcely investigated using these methods. In this study, the fecal microbiome and serum metabolome were used to compare between ewes diagnosed with ovarian cystic follicles and ewes with normal follicles, to investigate alterations of the fecal bacterial community composition and metabolic parameters in relation to follicular cystogenesis. Ewes from the same feeding and management system were diagnosed with a follicular cyst (n = 6) or confirmed to have normal follicles (n = 6) by using a B-mode ultrasound scanner. Blood serum and fresh fecal samples of all ewes were collected and analyzed. The α-diversity of fecal microbiome did not differ significantly between follicular cyst ewes and normal follicle ewes. Three genera (Bacteroides, Anaerosporobacter, and Angelakisella) were identified and their balance differentiated between follicular cyst and normal follicle ewes. Alterations of several serum metabolite concentrations, belonging to lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, organic oxygen compounds, benzenoids, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, and organoheterocyclic compounds, were associated with the presence of a follicular cyst. Correlation analysis between fecal bacterial communities and serum metabolites indicated a positive correlation between Anaerosporobacter and several fatty acids, and a negative correlation between Bacteroides and L-proline. These observations provide new insights for the complex interactions of the gut microbiota and the host serum lipid profiles, and support gut microbiota as a potential strategy to treat and prevent follicular cysts in sheep.

Histologic features of hair follicle neoplasms and cysts in dogs and cats: a diagnostic guide

Hair follicle neoplasms occur in many different species, including humans. In domestic animals, they are most common in dogs. Most hair follicle tumors are benign, but malignant neoplasms can also occur. To diagnose hair follicle neoplasms, a thorough knowledge of follicular anatomy is important, given that follicular tumors are classified according to the differentiation pattern seen in the corresponding part of the normal hair follicle. This review focuses on the key diagnostic features of hair follicle tumors and follicular cysts in dogs and cats.

Nerve Growth Factor: A Dual Activator of Noradrenergic and Cholinergic Systems of the Rat Ovary

The functioning of the ovary is influenced by the autonomic system (sympathetic and cholinergic intraovarian system) which contributes to the regulation of steroid secretion, follicular development, and ovulation. There is no information on the primary signal that activates both systems. The nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first neurotrophic factor found to regulate ovarian noradrenergic neurons and the cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine whether NGF is one of the participating neurotrophic factors in the activation of the sympathetic and cholinergic system of the ovary in vivo and its role in follicular development during normal or pathological states. The administration of estradiol valerate (a polycystic ovary [PCO] phenotype model) increased norepinephrine (NE) (through an NGF-dependent mechanism) and acetylcholine (ACh) levels. Intraovarian exposure of rats for 28 days to NGF (by means of an osmotic minipump) increased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE, the enzyme that degrades ACh) without affecting enzyme activity but reduced ovarian ACh levels. In vitro exposure of the ovary to NGF (100 ng/ml for 3 h) increased both choline acetyl transferase and vesicular ACh transporter expression in the ovary, with no effect in ACh level. In vivo NGF led to an anovulatory condition with the appearance of follicular cysts and decreased number of corpora lutea (corresponding to noradrenergic activation). To determine whether the predominance of a NE-induced polycystic condition after NGF is responsible for the PCO phenotype, rats were exposed to an intraovarian administration of carbachol (100 μM), a muscarinic cholinergic agonist not degraded by AChE. Decreased the number of follicular cysts and increased the number of corpora lutea, reinforcing that cholinergic activity of the ovary participates in controlling its functions. Although NGF increased the biosynthetic capacity for ACh, it was not available to act in the ovary. Hence, NGF also regulates the ovarian cholinergic system, implying that NGF is the main regulator of the dual autonomic control. These findings highlight the need for research in the treatment of PCO syndrome by modification of locally produced ACh as an in vivo regulator of follicular development.

Effect of 150 kHz electromagnetic radiation on the development of polycystic ovaries induced by estradiol Valerate in Sprague Dawley rats

Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common complex endocrine disorder affecting approximately 2–20% of reproductive aged females. Tumour Treating Fields (100–300 kHz) is a recent innovative, non-invasive therapeutic approach to cancer therapy. This frequency as an alternative therapy for the management of polycystic ovaries has not yet been explored. Objectives To explore the effect of full-body exposure of 150 kHz Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR), on the development of polycystic ovaries in an estradiol valerate-induced PCO rat model. Method Twenty-one female adult rats were divided into three groups (n = 7 each): control, Estradiol Valerate (EV) and EV + EMR groups. The EV + EMR group was subjected to full body exposure at 150 kHz EMR continuously for eight consecutive weeks. Estradiol valerate was administered orally to induce polycystic ovaries in EV and EV + EMR groups. Body and ovarian weights were recorded and analysed. The regularity of the estrous cycle was assessed in all three groups. The histological study of ovarian tissue was carried out by haematoxylin and eosin staining. The serum concentration levels of Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and testosterone were measured using the ELISA method. Results The body and ovary weights did not differ significantly between the EV and EV + EMR groups. The estrous cycle was found to be irregular in both the EV and EV + EMR groups. Ovarian histology revealed near normal morphology with little or no degenerative and morphological changes in developing follicles in the exposed group. Histometrical analysis showed an increased number of developing follicles and a significant reduction in the number and size of follicular cysts (p < 0.05) in the EV + EMR group. Hormonal analysis revealed no significant difference in the testosterone and FSH levels between the EV + EMR and EV groups. However, the LH, LH/FSH ratio decreased significantly in the EV + EMR group compares to the EV group. Conclusion The 150 kHz EMR appear to have little or no degenerative and morphological changes in the developing follicles, an increased number of typical developing follicles and a significant reduction in the number and size of the follicular cysts (p < 0.05).

Effect of 150 kHz Electromagnetic Radiation on the Development of Polycystic Ovaries Induced by Estradiol Valerate in Sprague Dawley Rats.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common complex endocrine disorder affecting approximately 2-20% of reproductive aged females. Tumour Treating Fields (100-300 kHz) is a recent innovative, non-invasive therapeutic approach to cancer therapy. This frequency as an alternative therapy for the management of polycystic ovaries has not yet been explored. Objectives: To explore the effect of full-body exposure of 150 kHz Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR), on the development of polycystic ovaries in an estradiol valerate-induced PCO rat model. Method: Twenty-one female adult rats were divided into three groups (n=7 each): control, Estradiol Valerate (EV) and EV + EMR groups. The EV + EMR group was subjected to full body exposure at 150 kHz EMR continuously for eight consecutive weeks. Estradiol valerate was administered orally to induce polycystic ovaries in EV and EV+EMR groups. Body and ovarian weights were recorded and analysed. The regularity of the estrous cycle was assessed in all three groups. The histological study of ovarian tissue was carried out by haematoxylin and eosin staining. The serum concentration levels of Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and testosterone were measured using the ELISA method. Results: The body and ovary weights did not differ significantly between the EV and EV + EMR groups. The estrous cycle was found to be irregular in both the EV and EV + EMR groups. Ovarian histology revealed near normal morphology with little or no degenerative and morphological changes in developing follicles in the exposed group. Histometrical analysis showed an increased number of developing follicles and a significant reduction in the number and size of follicular cysts (p < 0.05) in the EV+EMR group. Hormonal analysis revealed no significant difference in the testosterone and FSH levels between the EV+EMR and EV groups. However, the LH, LH/FSH ratio decreased significantly in the EV+EMR group compares to the EV group. Conclusion: The 150 kHz EMR appear to have little or no degenerative and morphological changes in the developing follicles, an increased number of typical developing follicles and a significant reduction in the number and size of the follicular cysts (p < 0.05).

Large Follicular Cyst Associated with Upper Third Molar in the Maxillary Sinus with Pterygomaxillary Space Extension: Reflection on a Case Report

BACKGROUND: Follicular cysts are osteolytic lesions characterized by greater growth, differentiation, and degeneration potentials, compared to inflammatory root cysts. Those connected to upper third molars can disrupt the neighboring teeth and extend to maxillary sinus and adjacent anatomical structures. CASE PRESENTATION: In this study, we present a case of a large dimension follicular cyst associated with the upper third molar, extended to maxillary antrum and pterygomaxillary space, uncommon for dimensions, involving meso- and sovra-structure describing the clinical diagnostic procedures, and the surgical strategies adopted. The cone-beam computed tomography allowed a very accurate analysis of the lesion. Surgical excision was performed through Caldwell-Luc technique, approaching to the pterygomaxillary space. A 1-year follow-up shows good clinical, anatomical, and functional conditions. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of follicular cyst. CONCLUSION: Giant follicular cysts require an accurate pre-operative study due to the delicate structures that may be involved.