Histopathological Study of Endometrial Changes in Hysterectomy Specimens with Cystic Lesion of Ovary

Introduction: Some of the ovarian lesions become functional and secrete hormones that bring endometrial changes like hyperplasias and polyps. This study aimed to find endometrial changes associated with different types of cystic lesions of the ovary. Materials and Methods: A histopathological study done from 2010 -2013 on all the total abdominal hysterectomy specimens with bilateral oophorectomy having cyst size more than 3cms, with a detailed clinical history received in the Department of Pathology, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Pondicherry. A total of 112 cases were collected analyzed and statistically correlated. Results: Out of the 112 cases of cystic lesions of the ovary 67% showed endometrium within normal limits, 33% of cystic lesions of ovary showed polyps, simple hyperplasia without atypia, complex hyperplasia without atypia. Among non-neoplastic lesions, follicular cyst produced the most endometrial changes, followed by benign surface epithelial lesions. Granulosa cell tumor was found to induce polyp as well as simple hyperplasia without atypia. Two out of three malignant lesions showed endometrial changes followed by benign lesions. The majority of the cystic lesions of the ovary encountered are non-neoplastic lesions (59%) and follicular cysts were more common (97%). Endometrial hyperplasia of both simple and complex types without atypia was found with serous cystadenoma. Conclusions: From the current study it implicates the necessity of assessing cystic lesions of the ovary like a follicular cyst, luteal cyst, granulosa cell tumors as they can become functional leading to endometrial changes that can form a fertile ground for carcinomas.

Prevalence and distribution of canine neoplastic and non-neoplastic cutaneous lesions in Serbia: a retrospective study of 2432 Cases (2011 – Mid 2021)

Cutaneous lesions, especially skin tumors in dogs, are among the most common lesions in this animal species. The aim of this study was to identify the most common types of canine cutaneous lesions, to determine the absolute and relative frequency of each type of cutaneous lesion, anatomical locations, mean age, as well as gender and breed distribution. The examination included all samples of cutaneous lesions in dogs obtained by surgical biopsy in veterinary clinics and examined at the Laboratory of the Department of Pathology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade from the 1st January 2011 to the 1st July 2021. In this period (126 months), a total of 2432 samples of cutaneous lesions were examined, of which 1984 (81.58%) were tumors (1037/1984, 52.27% benign and 947/1984, 47.73% malignant) and 448 (18.42%) non-neoplastic cutaneous lesions. The most commonly found cutaneous tumors were: mast cell tumor (17.34% of all tumors), histiocytoma (9.78%), papilloma (7.91%), lipoma (7.81%), squamous cell carcinoma (7.36%), trichoblastoma (4.44%), hepatoid adenoma (4.39%) and malignant melanoma (4.18%). The most common non-neoplastic cutaneous lesions were: follicular cyst(s) (35.04% of all non-neoplastic lesions), pyogranulomatous chronic dermatitis (23.88%), lymphocytic dermatitis (7.37%), hyperkeratosis (4.24%), and granulomatous dermatitis (3.79%). Our results substantially confirm previously reported data regarding cutaneous neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in dogs, and provide updated information on their frequency, animal age, anatomic location and breed distributions.

Ovarian physiology of repeat breeder cows at Bathan area of Bangladesh

The experiment was implemented at farmer’s house and Bathan areas of Shahjadpur Upazila in Sirajganj and Bera Upazila under Pabna districts of Bangladesh. The aim of the study was to know the incidence of repeat breeding (RB), physiology of different follicles and deformity of ovary and uterus in Holstein Frisian (HF) cows. Forty (40) RB HF cows (>50% HF Genetic) were selected on the basis of age and parity. Pyometra, endo-metra, cervicitis, Salpingitis and tumor like growth etc. in uterine wall were observed. Luteal and follicular cyst was also identified. Number of growing follicle appeared ultrasonically, size of Graafian follicle, breed, cow’s body size, and inheritance level and parity, nutritional factors and days calving to first service were recorded properly. All collected data were statistically analyzed by the SPSS soft-ware program using completely randomized design (CRD). Results revealed that, significantly (P<0.05) highest Body Condition Score (BCS) was 3.47±0.05 observed in the cows of group-D whose age were more than 8 years of old compared to others group (table 1). In-case of average daily milk yield and remained dry condition differences were highly significant (P<0.001). Maximum milk yield (20.41±0.82 l/day) was observed in group-C compared to others group but minimum dry condition remaining period was observed in group-A than others. Days of heat showed number of AI service were non-significant (P>0.05) in the whole experiment (table-1). The percentage of infection (Pyometra, Endometra) in the uterine wall differed non-significantly (P>0.05) among all the groups and minimum occurrence were observed in group-A (figure 1). Highest percent of cyst observed in the right ovary than left of the cows of group-D compared to others group but the differences were non-significant (P>0.05).Comparatively higher percentage (58.82±12.30) of follicles observed in left ovary of group-D than right ovary of others group (table 3). Non-significantly (P>0.05) the highest average number (2.40±0.44) of follicles was observed in left ovary of the group-C than the cows of others group. Though the follicle size in the end of luteal phase differed non-significantly (P>0.05) but comparatively larger (14.90±1.54mm) follicle in diameter were observed in group-C, than the follicles of others groups. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 27 (1&2), 2020: P. 95-104

Occurrence of repeat breeding in crossbred dairy cattle

The present research work was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence of repeat breeding (RB) among crossbred dairy cattle for three years from January 2017 to December 2019. Crossbred cows having apparently normal genitalia and showing regular oestrous cycle but failing to conceive even after three consecutive inseminations were selected as RB cows based on data collected from breeding registers. The occurrence of RB in the year 2017, 2018 and 2019 were 29.20, 24.12 and 19.52 per cent, respectively with an overall occurrence of 23.60 per cent. Detailed clinico-gynaecological and ultrasonographic examinations of 41 RB cows were carried out for the identification of various etiological factors during the study period (September 2019 to August 2020). Samples for endometrial cytology were collected during oestrus by cytobrush technique to rule out cytological endometritis (sub clinical endometritis). The occurrence of various identified causes of RB were cytological endometritis (17.07 %), fibrosis of cervix (7.31 %), endometritis (7.31 %), follicular cyst (4.88 %), kinked cervix (2.44 %), uterine unicornis (2.44 %) and other reasons (58.54 %). Repeat breeding is a major cause of infertility in crossbred dairy cattle and early diagnosis is essential for the effective management and to enhance production.

Ovarian Cysts Classification Using Novel Deep Q-Learning With Harris Hawks Optimization Method

This research presents an essential solution for classifying ultrasound diagnostic images describing seven types of ovarian cysts: Follicular cyst, Hemorrhagic cyst, Corpus luteum cyst, Polycystic-appearing ovary, endometriosis cysts, Dermoid cyst, and Teratoma. This work proposed a novel technique using images of ovarian ultrasound cysts from an ongoing database with this motivation. Initially, the work is followed by removing noise in preprocessing, feature extraction, and finally classifying using new Deep Q-Network with Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) classifier. Automatic feature extraction is implemented using the recent popular convolutional neural network (CNN) technique that extracts image features as conditions in the reinforcement learning algorithm. With this, through the procedure of a new deep Q-learning algorithm, Deep Q-Network (DQN) is generated to train a Q-network. The swarm-based method of HHO utilized the optimization method to produce optimal hyperparameters in the DQN model known as HHO-DQN, a novel technique for classifying ovarian cysts. Extensive experimental evaluations on datasets show that the proposed HHO- DQN approach outperforms existing active learning approaches for ovarian cyst classification. Compared with the ANN, CNN, and AlexNet models, the performance of the proposed model is better in terms of precision, f-measure, recall, accuracy, and IoU. The proposed model has achieved 96% precision, 96.5% f-measure, 96% recall, 97% accuracy, and 0.65 IoU.

GPGMH, a New Fixed Timed-AI Synchronization Regimen for Swamp and River Crossbred Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

The crossbreeding of Swamp and River type buffalo breeds is practiced for the improvement of milk yield and reproductive performance in swamp buffalo herds. This study aimed to modify the Ovsynch synchronization protocol (GPG) and improve the fixed-timed artificial insemination (FTAI) for better reproductive performance of crossbred buffaloes. Comparison of four conventional synchronization protocols [pregnant mare gonadotropin-prostaglandin F2α-gonadotropin-releasing hormone (PmPG), gonadotropin-releasing hormone-prostaglandin F2α-gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GPG), prostaglandin F2α-gonadotropin-releasing hormone-prostaglandin F2α-estradiol benzoate (PGPE), and progesterone-pregnant mare gonadotropin-prostaglandin F2α-gonadotropin-releasing hormone (P4PmPG)] in crossbred buffaloes showed that the GPG protocol treated buffaloes displayed higher (P &lt; 0.05) estrus response with an increasing tendency in ovulation (84.6%) and pregnancy rates (30.8%) than PmPG, PGPE, and P4PmPG treated buffaloes. Buffaloes treated with a dose of 0.4 (mg/kg) mifepristone combined with GPG, exhibited higher (P &lt; 0.05) estrous response (82.4%), ovulation (94.1%), and pregnancy (47.1%) rates compared with other doses (0, 0.3, or 0.5 mg/kg) groups. Injection of mifepristone along second GnRH injection in buffaloes improved (P &lt; 0.05) pregnancy rate (35.3%) when compared to before or after the second GnRH of GPG protocol. Single AI after 24 h of mifepristone or second GnRH injection seems the best time to enhance the pregnancy rates in buffaloes compared to double or other single AI times in the modified GPGMH protocol. In comparison, GPGMH reduced the follicular cyst incidence (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing ovulation (P &gt; 0.05) and pregnancy rates (P &gt; 0.05) than the P4GPG and GPG protocols in crossbred buffaloes. The current study supported that new synchronization protocol (modified of GPG protocol; GPGMH) by the inclusion of mifepristone (with a dose of 0.4 mg/kg along second GnRH), AI after 24 h of mifepristone or second GnRH, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG at day 5 of AI) enhance the ovulation and pregnancy rates in crossbred buffaloes.

Trichilemmal cyst of the neck: case report and review of the literature

Introduction: Trichilemmal cysts are lesions originating in the isthmus of the hair follicle. They are more common in women and occur in 90% on the scalp. Presentation of case: A 10-year-old female patient presented with a hard, slightly painful, nonexophytic mass in the right cervical region (Ia). After surgical resection in healthy margins, the diagnosis of trichilemmal cyst was made on histopathological examination. Discussion: The age of the patient as well as the cervical location of this type of lesion is an extremely rare presentation of trichilemmal cyst. Follow-up is rigorous in search of a triad: ichthyosis, keratosis, deafness, particularly in this patient. Conclusion: Close follow-up in this clinical case is indicated because the risk of malignant degeneration and development of similar lesions is present. Keywords: Follicular cyst; KID syndrome; Trichilemmal cyst; Neck surgery; Trichilemmal carcinoma

Treatment of follicular cysts in children by decompression (case report)

Among cysts of inflammatory origin, radicular and follicular cysts are most often found in children. Follicular cysts are found with a frequency of 35.5-42% among all odontogenic cysts between the ages of 7 and 14 years. It was found that the localization of the follicular cyst depends on age: in children, the lower premolars (20.8%) and upper canines (10%) are more often causal, in adults, the lower third molars (23.3%) and upper canines (18.3 %). Cysts from the rudiments of deciduous teeth are quite rare [1].

Alterations of Serum Metabolites and Fecal Microbiota Involved in Ewe Follicular Cyst

While the interactions of the gut microbiome and blood metabolome have been widely studied in polycystic ovary disease in women, follicular cysts of ewes have been scarcely investigated using these methods. In this study, the fecal microbiome and serum metabolome were used to compare between ewes diagnosed with ovarian cystic follicles and ewes with normal follicles, to investigate alterations of the fecal bacterial community composition and metabolic parameters in relation to follicular cystogenesis. Ewes from the same feeding and management system were diagnosed with a follicular cyst (n = 6) or confirmed to have normal follicles (n = 6) by using a B-mode ultrasound scanner. Blood serum and fresh fecal samples of all ewes were collected and analyzed. The α-diversity of fecal microbiome did not differ significantly between follicular cyst ewes and normal follicle ewes. Three genera (Bacteroides, Anaerosporobacter, and Angelakisella) were identified and their balance differentiated between follicular cyst and normal follicle ewes. Alterations of several serum metabolite concentrations, belonging to lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, organic oxygen compounds, benzenoids, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, and organoheterocyclic compounds, were associated with the presence of a follicular cyst. Correlation analysis between fecal bacterial communities and serum metabolites indicated a positive correlation between Anaerosporobacter and several fatty acids, and a negative correlation between Bacteroides and L-proline. These observations provide new insights for the complex interactions of the gut microbiota and the host serum lipid profiles, and support gut microbiota as a potential strategy to treat and prevent follicular cysts in sheep.

6-Year-Old Girl With a Luteinized Follicular Ovarian Cyst and an Estradiol Level > 1,000 PG/ML

Background: Precocious puberty in girls is defined as onset of secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development, before 8 years of age. To differentiate between central and peripheral precocious puberty, laboratory and imaging evaluation is helpful. When gonadotropins are low but estradiol is elevated, results may suggest a primary ovarian source of estrogen production. Small ovarian cysts are not uncommon, are benign and self-resolve. However, large ovarian cysts are rare, let alone ones requiring surgical removal. Clinical Case: A 6 year 7 month old girl presented with several days of breast tenderness and palpable bilateral breast tissue noted by her mother. There was no history of vaginal bleeding. There were no reported exposures to estrogen-containing products. Her mother reached menarche at age 14 years. The patient was born full term and was otherwise healthy. On exam, her height was at the 90-95th %ile (mid-parental height at the 95th %ile) and her growth velocity was 10.9 cm/yr. She had Tanner 2 breasts (1 cm breast bud on the left and 1.5 cm on the right), Tanner 1 pubic hair and no axillary hair, body odor, acne or café-au-lait macules. A bone age was read as 6 years at a chronological age of 6 years 7 months. A laboratory evaluation revealed an estradiol of 1,029 pg/mL (&lt;15 pg/mL), LH &lt;0.02 mIU/mL, FSH &lt;0.09 mIU/mL, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) 410 ng/dL (&lt;91 ng/dL), AFP 2.3 ng/mL (&lt;6.1 ng/mL), beta-hCG &lt;2 mIU/mL, TSH 2.41 mIU/L (0.5-3.2 mIU/L), and free T4 0.9 ng/dL (0.9-1.4 ng/dL). Pelvic ultrasound revealed a large unilocular cystic structure measuring 6.5 x 4.1 x 6.1 cm in the left adnexal region with no left ovary visualized. The right ovary appeared prepubertal. The uterus was prepubertal in appearance with endometrial thickness of 2 mm. Abdominal ultrasound showed no evidence of a suprarenal mass. A laparoscopic cyst resection was completed, given the risk of left ovarian torsion. Cytology was negative; pathology revealed a luteinized follicular cyst. Repeat labs in one month showed a prepubertal estradiol level of 6.7 pg/mL with LH 0.02 mIU/mL and FSH 0.38 mIU/mL. 17-OHP normalized to 29 ng/dL. Breast tissue had regressed. Conclusion: This case describes the rare finding of a large luteinized follicular ovarian cyst that required surgical removal in a 6-year-old girl in the setting of a significantly elevated estradiol level. Luteinized follicular cysts have been described in newborns, though rare. To our knowledge, this is the first described case of a luteinized follicular cyst in this patient’s age group. Laboratory and imaging evaluation should be considered in girls presenting with precocious puberty, despite the extent of thelarche, as the clinical examination does not always correlate with degree of estradiol elevation. This is especially important if clinical changes are acute and other features are consistent with puberty, such as rapid linear growth.