xylenol orange
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2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prosper Jambwa ◽  
Fikile N. Makhubu ◽  
Gift Matope ◽  
Gerda Fouche ◽  
Lyndy J. McGaw

There has been burgeoning interest in plant-based feed additives following restrictions placed on the use of antibiotic feed additives in many countries. Phytogenic feed additives are recommended to have a range of useful properties to support the growth and development of poultry to a similar level as that obtained by supplementing feed with antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial, anti-lipoxygenase and antioxidant activity, and in vitro safety of fractions and isolated compounds from leaves of Senna singueana. Antibacterial activities of the fractions and isolated compounds were determined against a panel of bacteria using a two-fold serial microdilution assay and qualitative bioautography assays. Anti-lipoxygenase activity was evaluated using the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) method. Antioxidant activity was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively using radical scavenging assays. Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions from solvent-solvent partitioning had the best antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 156 to 313 μg/ml. Fractions obtained from column chromatography had significant to weak antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 50 to 1,250 μg/ml. Bioautography showed clear bands of bacterial inhibition, indicating the presence of a number of active compounds in several fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction and all the tested column fractions had potent anti-lipoxygenase activity with IC50 values of ≤2.5 μg/ml which were lower than that of quercetin (positive control), indicating anti-inflammatory potential. The ethyl acetate fraction and several column fractions had powerful antioxidant activity with IC50 values of ≤5 μg/ml in the ABTS assay. Cytotoxicity values against Vero kidney cells ranged from LC50 = 40.0–989.3 μg/ml. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation and identification of a known bioactive compound, luteolin. S. singueana is a promising candidate for the development of poultry phytogenic feed additives.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Peres Rubio ◽  
Damián Escribano ◽  
Eva Mainau ◽  
José Joaquin Cerón ◽  
Elena Navarro ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Saliva is being increasingly used as a sample for measuring biomarkers in several species and shows a high potential of use to detect and monitor stress. The weaning and grouping in dairy calves are a particularly stressful time. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate a panel of antioxidant and oxidant biomarkers in the saliva of calves on the day of weaning (W0), 2 days after weaning or milk withdrawal (W + 2), and 4 days after grouping (G + 4). In addition, to verify if cortisol and oxytocin concentrations are related to the biomarkers measured. Results Salivary cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing ability of saliva (FRAS), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) were significantly higher (P < 0.02) 4 days after grouping than the day of weaning and 2 days after. The increases were 50 and 54% for CUPRAC, 93 and 116% for FRAS, 117 and 135% for TEAC, 22 and 49% for AOPP and 10 and 5% for FOX in comparison with weaning and 2 days after, respectively. In addition, oxytocin and cortisol showed significant negative and positive correlations (P < 0.05) respectively with the biomarkers of oxidative status. Conclusions Our results showed that calves after grouping show increases in antioxidants and oxidants concentrations, indicating that a balance between these molecules has been tried to maintain during this stressful situation. The dynamic changes of biomarkers of oxidative status should be explored and characterised in other stressful conditions.


2021 ◽  
pp. 109936
Author(s):  
P. Pérez ◽  
P. Rico Torres ◽  
A. Bruna ◽  
M. Brunetto ◽  
E. Aon ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Yousry M. Issa ◽  
Nora S. Abdel-kader ◽  
Ahmed E. Zahran

A highly sensitive method for the quantitative determination of Benzalkonium chloride (BKC), in its pure form and pharmaceutical formulations, is described. The method involves four spectrophotometric ways for the determination of BKC via forming ionassociates with bromocresol green (BCG), bromophenol blue (BPB), bromothymol blue (BTB), and xylenol orange (XO). The study involves characterization of the ion-pairs formed between the BKC and the above-mentioned reagents Using UV-Visible and IR spectroscopy. In order to optimize the reaction conditions, the effects of pH, the quantity of reagent, time, and extracting solvent were studied. Statistical student’s t-test and F test showed insignificant systematic error between proposed and official methods. The antibacterial disinfectant Zora C Lozenges contains 0.01 mg Benzalkonium chloride, 1 mg Benzocaine, and 50 mg Vitamin C. as the active substance was analyzed at pH 8.5. The strategy was validated for linearity range, precision, accuracy, specificity, and limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ). Beer's law is obeyed over a wide concentration range (up to 145 ?g/mL in case of BCG method). LOD and LOQ values reached 2.38 and 7.2 ?g/mL, respectively, upon using BCG. The relative standard deviation (%RSD) was ?1.33% while correlation coefficient values (r) were ? 0.998. High molar absorptivity values and low values of Sandell's sensitivity were calculated indicating that the proposed methods are highly sensitive. Applying the validated methods to the analysis of BKC in antibacterial disinfectant Zora C Lozenges revealed that the drug was successfully resolved from the pharmaceutical formulation with recoveries ?95.5%.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3126
Author(s):  
Kreeta Sukthang ◽  
Jantana Kampeera ◽  
Chakrit Sriprachuabwong ◽  
Wansika Kiatpathomchai ◽  
Eakkachai Pengwang ◽  
...  

Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) is a microfluidic technology used for manipulating liquid droplets at microliter to nanoliter scale. EWOD has the ability to facilitate the accurate manipulation of liquid droplets, i.e., transporting, dispensing, splitting, and mixing. In this work, EWOD fabrication with suitable and affordable materials is proposed for creating EWOD lab-on-a-chip platforms. The EWOD platforms are applied for the diagnosis of early mortality syndrome (EMS) in shrimp by utilizing the colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification method with pH-sensitive xylenol orange (LAMP–XO) diagnosis technique. The qualitative sensitivity is observed by comparing the limit of detection (LOD) while performing the LAMP–XO diagnosis test on the proposed lab-on-a-chip EWOD platform, alongside standard LAMP laboratory tests. The comparison results confirm the reliability of EMS diagnosis on the EWOD platform with qualitative sensitivity for detecting the EMS DNA plasmid concentration at 102 copies in a similar manner to the common LAMP diagnosis tests.


2021 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 109239
Author(s):  
Diana L. Martínez-Zepeda ◽  
Brandon Meza-González ◽  
Magali L. Álvarez-Hernández ◽  
Ivan J. Bazany-Rodríguez ◽  
Alfredo R. Vilchis Néstor ◽  
...  
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