COVID-19 and Vitamin D: Is There a Direct Relationship Between Vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19 Severity?

Objectives: This study investigates whether there is a credible link between Vitamin D concentration in the human blood and COVID-19 infection, severity, and death in the general population. Design: The study adopts a meta-analytical approach to synthesize available secondary information. Emphasis is given to works published within the COVID-19 duration. The study draws articles from scholarly medical sites to provide credit to the analysis and results. Setting: The study is set on a global stage because the articles are drawn from different parts of the world. Mainly, the changing nature of the virus and the continuing revelation of its operations under various conditions arouse interest among scholars that share investigation procedures. Selection, Entry, Exclusion Criteria Interventions: The articles used in the investigation are those from peer reviews. Mainly, articles with a document identifier number (DOI) qualified for the analysis. At the same time, the study focused on articles exploring the relationship between COVID-19 and Vitamin D only. Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: The primary outcome is that Vitamin D improves the body's immune response and suppresses viral activity. The secondary effect is that Vitamin D deficiency, coupled with other comorbidities, increases the risk of death and severe coronavirus infection. Results: Results confirm a strong relationship between 25(OH)D concentration and the body's ability to fight the COVID-19 infection. Individuals with low Vitamin D concentrations of less than 20 ng/ml experienced severe symptoms. Findings indicate that Vitamin D3 supplements increase 25(OH)D levels, making the body withstanding the virus. Conclusion: Thus, Vitamin D concentration in the blood directly correlates with COVID-19 severity and mortality. Keywords: COVID-19, Vitamin D, Immune System, SARS, ARDS

Continuing Revelation and Institutionalization: Joseph Smith, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Charismatic Leadership in Antebellum America

Nineteenth-century North American religious history is filled with divinely inspired people who received and recorded new revelations. This article presents Joseph Smith Jr and Ralph Waldo Emerson as charismatic prophets who promoted the idea of continuing revelation. Drawing on Max Weber's concept of charismatic authority, it will contrast their forms of new sacred writing with one another to show how both had experienced encounters with the divine. The second part will then explore how different conceptualizations of revelation led to opposing concepts of religious authority, with consequences for the possibility of institution-building processes. While Smith would reify revelation in hierarchy, Emerson eventually promoted extreme spiritual individualization by rejecting the idea of an exclusive institution as the centre of revelatory authority.

“May we not see God?”: Henry David Thoreau’s Doctrine of Spiritual Senses

This article argues that Henry David Thoreau believed in the essential unity of the five senses and privileged each as a source of wild and divine knowledge, which, when combined, created a full picture that might result in a true approximation of God in and beyond nature—the hallmark of Thoreau’s fundamentally incarnational theology. Thoreau treated each sense not only as a source of divine knowledge but as a site of theological discourse: for touch, the relationship between sin and grace; for smell, the conundrum of an eternal divinity acting in historical time; for taste, the efficacy of sacraments; for hearing, the possibility of continuing revelation; and for sight, the ability for human beings to actually see God. The senses were the practical entry point to Thoreau’s theological system, which was concerned with the discovery and redemption of internal “wildness” and reconnection to the mysterious, divine source of that wildness, to the unaccountable in nature.

Does the Septuagint Contain Inspired Revelation for Christians?

Summary This article introduces the Septuagint as a complex Bible version which deserves more attention from evangelical biblical scholars. The author asks if differences between the Septuagint and the Hebrew text of the canonical books can occasionally be considered as the result of inspiration, and if so, whether the wording of the Septuagint should in certain specific places form the basis for modern translations of the Old Testament. The article pays particular attention to some scholars who have pleaded for the place of the Septuagint in the Church, such as Edward Grinfield, Georg Bertram, Mogens Müller and Benjamin Giffone, as well as to the handling of the Septuagint by the authors of the New Testament and by the Early Church. With Ross Wagner, the article concludes that some elements of the Septuagint represent God’s continuing revelation to his Church.ZusammenfassungDieser Artikel stellt die Septuaginta als eine vielschichtige Bibelausgabe vor, die mehr Aufmerksamkeit seitens evangelikaler Theologen verdient. Der Autor stellt die Frage, ob Unterschiede zwischen der Septuaginta und dem hebräischen Text der kanonischen Bücher zuweilen als das Ergebnis von Inspiration angesehen werden können. Und wenn ja, ob der Wortlaut der Septuaginta an gewissen Stellen die Grundlage für moderne Übersetzungen des Alten Testaments darstellen sollte. Der Artikel legt besonderes Augenmerk auf Theologen wie Edward Grinfield, Georg Bertram, Mogens Müller und Benjamin Giffone, die für die Bedeutung der Septuaginta für die Kirche plädiert haben, sowie auch auf die Verwendung der Septuaginta durch die Autoren des Neuen Testaments und die alte Kirche. Zusammen mit Ross Wagner zieht der Artikel die Schlussfolgerung, dass einige Elemente der Septuaginta Gottes fortwährende Offenbarung an seine Gemeinde darstellen.RésuméCet article présente la Septante comme une version complexe de la Bible qui mériterait plus d’attention de la part d’exégètes évangéliques. L’auteur demande si les différences entre la Septante et le texte hébreu des livres canoniques peuvent parfois être considérées comme le fruit de l’inspiration divine; et dans l’affirmative, si la formulation de la Septante ne devrait pas, en certains endroits, servir de base pour les traductions modernes de l’Ancien Testament. L’article porte une attention particulière à certains exégètes qui ont plaidé pour que la Septante ait sa place dans l’Église, comme Edward Grinfield, Georg Bertram, Mogens Müller et Benjamin Giffone, ainsi qu’à la manière dont les auteurs du Nouveau Testament et l’Église primitive traitèrent cette traduction. Avec Ross Wagner, l’article conclut que certains éléments de la Septante illustrent la manière dont Dieu s’est progressivement révélé à son Église.

On the Quest for Authentic Christianity: Protestant Tradition and the Mission of Jesus

Barth’s dream of a Spirit-centered theology hints at the great disconnect between the New Testament portrayal of the mission and message of Jesus and the ‘gospel’ of traditional Protestantism. This disconnect appeared as a result of the Reformers’ adoption of cessationism to undercut Papal authority, which rested, in part, on the idea of continuing revelation and miracle. The failure of both sides to understand the purpose of charismatic revelation and power as the central characteristic of the New Covenant, resulted in a misunderstanding of the mission of Jesus, the purpose of the cross, and the continuing commission of Christian disciples. In this, traditional theology significantly distorted the Christian message away from that of Jesus and the New Testament witness—a gospel about Jesus rather than from Jesus.