Evaluation of the debt policy of the southern macroregion subjects in modern conditions

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that debt crises have an extremely negative impact on the national economy, which implies the need for constant attention on the part of the government to issues of public debt management in order to timely, identify possible violations of debt stability. The subject of the research is the debt sustainability of the constituent entities of the South of Russia as the ability of the constituent entities of the federation to timely and fully service the public debt without significant adjustments to the balance of income and expenses. The aim of the research is to assess the debt sustainability of the constituent entities of the South of Russia and develop measures aimed at increasing it in order to prevent the emergence of an imbalance in regional finances and reduce the likelihood of debt crises. An increase in government borrowing rises budget spending on public debt servicing and can provoke an imbalance in the financial system. Diversification of the debt portfolio helps to ensure its balance. The structure of the debt portfolios of the constituent entities of the Federation may include budget loans, government guarantees, government securities, loans from credit institutions and other instruments. The article notes that the debt sustainability of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation directly depends on the decisions made at the federal level and the amount of government spending directed to specific regions. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain such a level of debt sustainability, which will prevent the emergence of an imbalance in regional finances and reduce the likelihood of debt crises. This presupposes the application of uniform recommendations for assessing debt sustainability in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The analysis of the volume and structure of the state debt of the constituent entities of the South of Russia, carried out in the article, made it possible to conclude that the debt policy of the macroregion is fragmented: the structure of debt portfolios is heterogeneous; a change in the level of debt burden can be associated with both an increase in tax and non-tax revenues, a decrease in the amount of public debt, and with reverse processes.

Sustainable Issuer versus Sustainable Issuance: Providing Public Issuers of Sustainable Bonds in Latin America and the Caribbean with Insight into the Nascent Universe of ESG Ratings

Based on recent works and experiences from issuers in Latin America and the Caribbean, and complemented by interviews of experts, this study provides public issuers with insight and encouragement to engage into the nascent world of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) evaluations and assessments, ratings, scoring, and profiles. Increasingly, investors are integrating ESG into their decision-making processes for various reasons, including risk-return considerations, client mandates, disclosure commitments, and regulatory requirements. Although an increasing number of investors have ESG investing strategies and responsible investment policies in place, ESG factors have primarily been integrated into decision making in equity rather than fixed income portfolios. Few investors have a systemic approach to ESG integration in debt portfolios, especially in sovereign debt. Their number is growing, however, and investors increasingly are demanding ESG ratings of bond issuers, especially thematic bond issuers, whether corporate or sovereign.

To own or not to own? Household portfolios, demographics and institutions in a cross-national perspective.

Using harmonized wealth data and a decomposition approach novel to this literature, we identify differences in determinants and in the income profiles of asset and debt portfolios in European and North American countries for two age groups. Younger households’ participation decisions in assets are more responsive to income. Family structure plays a significant role in explaining cross-country differences for both cohorts. Debt participation of older households and asset participation of younger households may be particularly responsive to institutions. This could have important implications for policy setting, suggesting a scope for the promotion of asset holdings among younger households and debt holdings to facilitate consumption smoothing among older households.

The prospective low risk hedge fund capital allocation line model: evidence from the debt market

Research background: Institutional investors such as: commercial banks, pension funds, and insurance companies are constantly looking for low-risk stable investment opportunities, whereas one of the solutions can be a simulated portfolio. This research takes a look at the incentive to invest in government debt portfolios, as it can outperform the returns of deposit accounts. Purpose of the article: This study considers several classic methods of portfolio constriction and includes the basis of debt instruments that have not been a research topic for a long period of time. At the same time, this paper analyzes the classic methods of modern portfolio theory with a Sharpe ratio as an indicator of efficiency. Methods: The constructed portfolio consists of four elements from different countries: two government obligations and two bond indexes, aiming to employ international diversification. All the data was collected for the period of 12 years in order to represent the consequences of accrued recessions. Findings & Value added: The past two severe financial crises created a higher demand for stable investments, and more investors are ready to compromise a higher return for it. There-fore, the results of this paper represent a simulation of low-risk hedge fund portfolio construction with the use of highly rated debt instruments.